网络编程文件的上传漏洞以及解决方法

互联网的应用日益复杂,客服需求也越来越多样化,个性化,从而使得客户端的功能也更随着变化,最显著的就是要能提供上传功能,本文通过实例来阐述文件上传原理以及文件上传时的漏洞,漏洞的类型原理等等。     

Death from drowning: defining a new challenge for child survival in Bangladesh

The study focuses on children less than 5 years old and explores the epidemiological profile and correlates of drowning as a challenge to child survival in Bangladesh. Two data sources from Bangladesh, a cohort of 8,070 children followed for 2 years in a rural area and a nation-wide survey conducted in 1996–97 have been used. In addition, a systematic review of the literature has been conducted spanning the past two decades for analysis of drowning in children. Seventy drowning deaths were reported in the cohort and 726 deaths were reported in the national survey. Verbal autopsy and semi-structured interviews were conducted on all deaths. Drowning accounted for 43% of deaths in the cohort and 20% of deaths in 1–4-year-old children in the national survey. Most drowning deaths were in 12–23 month old children from falling into ditches and ponds. Communities provided valuable insights on possible interventions to reduce deaths due to drowning. Drowning is a newly recognized challenge for Bangladesh. Considerable research and programmatic work is required to understand the nature of the problem and develop appropriate interventions. This paper calls on aid agencies to create opportunities for drowning research and action in their work plans for the country.     

地方中小型高校办学理念的误区及其对策

随着教育的不断升温,地方中小型高校迅速崛起,成为区域经济建设和社会发展中的一支重要力量。突出办学特色、打造优势学科、创新教育理念、改革管理机制是中小型高校走出办学理念误区的正确选择。     

中国业绩型股权激励公告前的盈余操纵

股权激励可能会诱发高管的机会主义行为,导致股权激励不但达不到激励高管的目的,反而加剧了代理问题。本文以公告股权激励方案的中国上市公司为样本,对股权激励公告前的盈余操纵进行了分析。采用考虑生命周期和成长性的应计模型发现,在股权计划草案公告前操控性应计显著为负并有下降的趋势,表明激励公司进行了向下的盈余管理,以达到降低股票期权行权条件或限制性股票的解锁条件。     

The use of studentized diagnostics in regression

Recent work by LaMotte (1999) uncovered redundancies and inconsistencies in the current practice of selected deletion diagnostics in regression. The present study extends earlier work to include further diagnostics on using different methods. Benchmarks adjusted to the scale of each diagnostic are given to assure consistency across diagnostics. Case studies illustrate anomalies in the use of these diagnostics as currently practiced. Alternative diagnostics are given to gauge effects of single-case deletions on variances and biases in prediction and estimation. Received: November 1999     

Living in an imaginary world that looks real

In the paper we show – using standard approaches, general equilibrium modeling and the assumption of complete rationality – that the macroeconomic environment is endogenous and is indeterminate. Specifically, it is argued – without resorting to sunspot type arguments – that microeconomic fundamentals do not suffice to characterize the economy at the macro level. In particular, we show how perceptions of rational agents of the workings of the economy (a) shape the environment, (b) affect the environment sufficiently to ensure that rational economic agents find the observed environment consistent with their beliefs even though it is not. As a by-product, we illustrate that endogenous macro uncertainty can arise as an outcome if rational economic agents whose expectations are anchored on endogenous variables expect them to arise. Finally, we show that systematic errors can persist indefinitely under rationality.     

Evidence That Management Earnings Forecasts Do Not Fully Incorporate Information in Prior Forecast Errors

Abstract:  This paper investigates whether managers fully incorporate the implications of their prior earnings forecast errors into their future earnings forecasts and, if not, whether this behavior is related to the post-earnings announcement drift. I find a positive association in consecutive management forecast errors, suggesting that managers underestimate the future implications of past earnings information when forecasting earnings. I also find that managers underestimate the information in their prior forecast errors to a greater extent when they make earnings forecasts with a longer horizon. Finally, I find that, similar to managers, the market also underreacts to earnings information in management forecast errors, which leads to predictable stock returns following earnings announcements.     

Evolving Market Efficiency with an Application to Some Bulgarian Shares

With new technically advanced methods and computers at our disposal, the efficient market hypothesis is once again being debated. At the same time, we are witnessing an unprecedented growth in both existing and new financial markets. These new markets are often in economies which have just recently embraced free market economics; we term these stock markets infant markets. Such stock markets are obviously not efficient in allocating the supply of savings to productive capital. We do not test whether or not these infant markets are informationally efficient, but instead examine whether and how they are becoming more efficient. We propose modelling the excess returns of individual securities using a multi-factor model with time-varying coefficients and generalised auto-regressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) errors. If the markets are becoming more informationally efficient or the agents are learning, we would expect this to manifest itself as the time-varying coefficients becoming more stable as time increases. We test our model using data on four Bulgarian shares. First, we estimate an AR(2) model and a GARCH-M(1,1) model for the shares. Then, we estimated our AR(2) model with time varying coefficients and GARCH type errors. We find varying levels of efficiency and varying speeds of movement towards efficiency within our sample of four shares. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.