Why Punish? Social reciprocity and the enforcement of prosocial norms

Recently economists have become interested in why people who face social dilemmas in the experimental lab use the seemingly incredible threat of punishment to deter free riding. Three theories with evolutionary microfoundations have been developed to explain punishment. We survey these theories and use behavioral data from surveys and experiments to show that the theory called social reciprocity in which people punish norm violators indiscriminately explains punishment best.JEL Classification: C91, C92, D64, H41 Correspondence to: Jeffrey P. CarpenterWe thank Carolyn Craven, Corinna Noelke and two referees for comments, and Middlebury College for financial assistance. In addition, Carpenter acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (SES-CAREER 0092953).     

青年的困境与青年的创造力

我国青年正深陷就业困境与创业困境之中,出现这种情况既有社会经济原因又有学校教育原因,要解决青年发展的难题,就要开发青年一代的创造力,在现代社会,青年一代的创造力决定着一个国家在国际经济竞争中的成败。因此,这是一项极为紧迫的任务。教育在完成这一任务的过程中扮演着重要的角色。     

关于环保非政府组织发展的法律制度分析

相对发达国家的环保非政府组织而言,我国环保非政府组织显得先天不足,后天乏力,环保非政府组织自身的缺陷和尚不健全的法律体制是其发展滞后的重要原因,细致而有可操作性的法律制度才能形成对环保非政府组织的有力保障.     

我国农村集体土地所有权制度的困境与出路

农村集体土地所有权制度是我国土地权属制度的基本形式之一。长期以来围绕农村集体土地所有权问题实践中纠纷迭起,理论上争论纷纭。土地所有权的主体不明,土地所有权的权能弱化是当前我国农村集体土地所有权制度面临困境的主要原因。因此,在对当前各种改革思路具体分析和评价的基础上,提出摆脱目前我国农村集体土地所有权制度困境的根本出路:立法上明确规定以村为单位的农民集体为农村集体土地所有权的主体;设立村集体财产管理委员会代表村民集体行使村集体土地所有权和通过构建集体土地使用权制度来完善农村集体土地所有权。     

上市公司社会责任审计的理论建构与实践问题探索

随着上市公司履行社会责任情况的信息披露日益受到利益相关者的密切关注,作为履行第三方鉴证责任的上市公司社会责任审计也越来越受到理论界和实务界的重视,因此通过理论建构与实践操作两个层面对上市公司社会责任审计问题进行有关探索十分必要。上市公司社会责任审计的理论框架可以从审计依据、审计原则、审计主体、审计内容、审计目标五个方面来构建;上市公司社会责任审计的实践问题可以从强化上市公司社会责任审计信息披露的监管、构建上市公司社会责任审计的标准、巩固上市公司社会责任审计的依据、探索上市公司社会责任审计的辅助机制和培养上市公司社会责任审计人员几个方面来探索。     

企业知识联盟收益分享的“囚徒困境”与对策

企业知识联盟成功率不高的原因很多,其中之一是收益分享的困境问题,但很少有学者对此进行深入探讨.笔者运用博弈论,综合考虑了影响企业知识联盟收益分享的相关因素,分析了收益分享的“囚徒困境”,并提出了解决对策,包括求出了能达到联盟收益分享帕累托最优的收益分享系数与贴现因子、慎重选择联盟伙伴等.     

On the evolutionary edge of altruism: a game-theoretic proof of Hamilton’s rule for a simple case of siblings

We offer a game-theoretic proof of Hamiltons rule for the spread of altruism. For a simple case of siblings, we show that the rule can be derived as the outcome of a one-shot prisoners dilemma game between siblings.JEL Classification: A13, C70, D64Correspondence to: Oded Stark, ZEF, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 53113 Bonn, GermanyWe are indebted to an anonymous referee and to Uwe Cantner for helpful comments and suggestions. Partial financial support from the National Institute on Aging (grant RO1-AG13037) and from the Humboldt Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

消费者伦理信念及关系质量对消费者非伦理行为的影响

本文运用典型相关分析法对中国消费者的伦理问题进行探讨,提出并检验了关系质量在消费者伦理信念与消费者非伦理行为决策中的调节作用。文章指出,鉴于信念与行为在很多场合下的非一致性,在以后的消费者伦理研究中,努力开发类似关系质量的调节或中介变量是有意义的。     

Naive learning and cooperation in network experiments

In this paper we study learning and cooperation in repeated prisoners' dilemmas experiments. We compare interaction neighbourhoods of different size and structure, we observe choices under different information conditions, and we estimate parameters of a learning model.We find that naive imitation, although a driving force in many models of spatial evolution, may be negligible in the experiment. Naive imitation predicts more cooperation in spatial structures than in spaceless ones—regardless whether interaction neighbourhoods have the same or different sizes in both structures. We find that with some interaction neighbourhoods even the opposite may hold.     

优势视角下失独老人的养老困境及相应对策

失去独生子女的父母的养老问题逐渐成为一个日趋急迫的社会问题,也是老龄工作中的新问题。用优势视角基本理念分析失独老人的养老问题,研究他们年老时存在的精神、经济、生活等一系列养老困境及原因。个人、团体、社会应共同帮助他们抚平精神创伤,改变外部环境中的不利因素,使其融入社会,实现个人优势与其生活环境的整合,以逐步帮助他们走出困境,安享晚年。