Consumption risk-sharing under terror shocks: Evidence from value-chain network rosters in Nigeria

Households in Nigeria live in inherently risky environments; accentuated by the preponderance of terror incidences, banditry, and farmer–herder-related clashes that are more concentrated in the northern than southern parts of the country. This study examines the proposition that households with a robust network roster—especially networks related to ethnicities and financial remittances from outside their communities—are better able to weather the idiosyncratic and aggregate impact of terror-related shocks; and thus, experience less consumption variability to terror-related shock than other similar households without the “insurance” of an external network. Our main empirical strategy applies a panel difference-in-differences specification to three waves of the LSMS-ISA surveys for Nigeria. The results from the study indicate that having external networks outside the community is an important coping mechanism for terror-related shocks, both for overall welfare and food consumption. The difference in consumption variability between groups with outside network “insurance” and those without could be as high as 20 percentage points. Thus, risk-sharing arrangements for households should exploit outside network insurance mechanisms to mitigate welfare losses from terror-related shocks.     

Twin peaks: Expressive externality in group participation

We introduce a model of group behavior that combines expressive participation with strategic participation. Building on the idea that expressive voting in elections is much like rooting for a sports team, we give applications to both sporting events and elections. In our model there is an expressive externality: an individual enjoys an event more when more of her peers come out to support her preferred party or team. We show that this results in the possibility of “tipping”—that participation may jump up discontinuously when the externality becomes strong enough. We examine the implications for pricing by sports teams and for voter turnout.     

双元领导对积极偏离创新行为的影响研究——基于认知-情感复合视角

基于认知-情感理论，研究双元领导影响积极偏离创新行为的认知和情感作用机制与边界条件。采用Bootstrap、多元层次回归等方法对414份样本数据进行分析，结果表明：双元领导对积极偏离创新行为有显著正向影响；内部网络连带强度与反馈寻求行为在双元领导与积极偏离创新行为之间起中介作用；领导认同不仅正向调节双元领导与内部网络连带强度和反馈寻求行为之间的关系，还正向调节双元领导通过内部网络连带强度、反馈寻求行为影响员工积极偏离创新行为的间接作用。