The Role of Water in Manufacturing

Water's role in manufacturing technologies has received limited attention. A KLEM model of the sector's technology is extended to include two facets of water use: intake and recirculation. Three annual cross-sectional surveys on plant-level water use are pooled and combined with census data to estimate this extended model for the Canadian manufacturing sector over the period 1981–1991. While Canada's water allocation regulations influence private water withdrawals, statistical tests support representing water intake as a variable input. Water intake is found to be a substitute for water recirculation, energy, labour and capital. The relationship between water intake and recirculation is stronger when water intake is process-related rather than related to cooling and steam production. Technological change has been biased in the direction of increased water intake and decreased water recirculation.     

西电东送背景下的水电租金分配机制研究

必须建立和完善有利于西部发展的水电租金分配制度和政策,深化电力体制改革,尽快解决阻碍西电东送健康进行的体制性问题,完善相关机制,这样才能理顺水电租金的分配,协调区域利益关系,从而使西电东送战略的实施达到东西部双赢的效果。     

中国农畜产品虚拟水区域分布空间差异

虚拟水是当今水科学的研究热点,被认为是解决粮食与水资源安全的重要策略.在测算中国各地区农畜产品虚拟水总量的基础上,利用伪基尼系数对虚拟水区域差异的成因进行凶子分解,表明畜产品中的禽蛋、猪肉、牛肉和农产品中稻谷、小麦、玉米成为影响中国虚拟水空间差异的丰要因子.同时,借助锡尔指数对1996-2006年的中国八大区域虚拟水-耕地资源空间差异进行分解,结果表明:虚拟水-耕地资源区域总体差异在不断缩小,影响区域总体差异形成的主导因素是八大区域问的差异.文章旨在揭示地均农畜产品虚拟水区域差异来源以及差异背后体现的农业集约化空间分异特征规律,为制定不同区域类型的农业发展决策提供相应的理论参考.     

先秦文学中水的柔弱意象

水在所有物质中最为柔弱,但它又是最坚强的。无论水与什么东西相遇,它总是屈从的;然而它却从来没有被打败,总是成为最后的胜利者。古代先民从水的柔弱属性中得到启示,得出了柔弱胜刚的理念,哲理性很强。柔弱不争、水之趋下的特点,形成了古代对谦下守柔品格的崇尚,这种品格成为古代儒家和道家的人格理想。水的柔弱性和水的趋下性是不可分割的,常常结合在一起,因此表达的理念也是交融在一起的。     

Minimum distance estimation of the spatial panel autoregressive model

This paper contributes to the interface literature of new methodological foundation of analyzing historical data with space and spatio-temporal phenomena. In particular, I consider estimating the spatial panel autoregressive model using the minimum distance estimator. Spatial autoregression has important implications for economic system that typifies correlatedness across many spatial locations and which could evolve over long span of time. To overcome computational difficulties, I suggest a two-stage estimation procedure based on minimum distance estimators. A striking feature of the proposed model is that minimum distance estimates are derived under common slopes and complete equality of parameters across spatial units. Assumption of common slopes across spatial units is an empirical and theoretical plausibility as many spatial units are observed to share common trend and typology of changes occurring to the individual system under which equality of parameters are possibilities. The estimation strategy allows various restrictions on time-varying vector parameters. Moreover, those restrictions can easily be tested. I apply this procedure to the residential demand for water of 115 French municipalities over the biannual period 1988–1993. The primary contribution of the paper is to the methodological side of cliometrics while the empirical application (with shorter time period) has been presented for illustrative purpose although, it can nonetheless be readily applied to historical data with long-time horizon allowing for restrictions such as spatio-temporal common vector and structural break in parameter estimates.

水利旅游发展的驱动因素分析

我国水资源和水利设施丰富,水利旅游开发潜力巨大。从水利和旅游两个方面分析驱动水利旅游发展的条件,水利驱动因素包括水利经济内部结构优化的驱动、水利景观竞争的驱动、水资源管理部门的政策驱动等,旅游驱动因素包括社区与景区的互相转化驱动,旅游旺盛供需的驱动等。研究表明,水利旅游的未来发展需要依靠水利和旅游驱动,一些成功经验将被作为水利旅游后期开发的指导。     

运河杭州段水质治理的法律对策

当前经济与管理体制等因素造成了运河的"水质型"缺水和生态环境的破坏;运河杭州段的生态功能和综合开发的模糊定位,导致对水质治理缺乏具体环境政策的指导;运河可以作为一个独立的生态系统,综合开发应以水质为前提,而水质治理需要遵循生态系统原则、利益与责任相当原则、公众参与原则等基本原则;还应从法律上固化运河的功能定位,形成生态系统性治理思路,从运河利益分配制度、水质治理公众参与机制、运河生态补偿制度三方面来形成完善的保护运河的长效机制。     

打造“双”满意的供水企业

正确处理企业与社会、企业与职工的关系,是当前市场经济大环境下公司的一项重要课题。作为国有供水企业要坚持继承与创新相结合,通过抓实、抓好社会满意、职工满意“双”满意工程,强调企业社会责任和体现职工当家作主,通过“双”满意工程的探索,为企业自身和社会和谐注入活力。     

城市供水定价对居民资源节约行为影响的博弈分析

水资源紧缺与构建和谐社会,引致水资源定价改革不断深入。水资源经济稀缺性与公共物品属性标志水资源定价的特殊性。在分析中国城市供水价格现状基础上,建立政府、供水企业和两类之间的城市供水定价的层次博弈模型,可以研究统一水价和阶梯水价策略对居民水消费行为选择的影响。     

宁波水资源利用效率现状及趋势分析

对水资源利用效率问题的研究,有助于发现和改善水资源开发利用中存在的不合理、低效率等问题,促进水资源利用效率的提高。本文运用回归分析和H-P滤波法对1997—2006年宁波市用水效率进行分析,发现全市用水效率总体上呈现逐渐上升的趋势,未来不论是生产用水,还是生活用水,都存在较大的节水空间。