众包模式在中国家具制造企业的应用探索——基于英国MADE的案例解析

首先,对英国MADE的商业模式进行解析,MADE本质上是一种双重网络众包,MADE扮演了中介机构和发包方的双重角色。其次,将MADE商业模式与中国家具制造企业的运作模式进行对比,MADE的优越性主要体现在精准把握、呈现消费需求,较强的资源整合能力和创新效率,弱化品牌对产品溢价的影响,取消中间环节;局限性体现在目标顾客群体的限制和较长的等待周期。借鉴MADE模式,中国家具制造企业可以尝试有效运用大众智慧来提升企业创新能力,重新定义企业的竞争优势。众包模式在中国有广阔的发展前景,同时给中国的家具制造企业带来严峻的挑战。中国家具制造企业应理性对待众包的出现,可以将改良型的众包作为商业体系的有益补充。中小家具制造企业可以尝试用威客形式提高企业创新能力;大型家具制造企业可以借助网络平台进行初级、中级、高级阶段的改良型众包尝试。     

考虑声誉效应的科技服务业与制造企业合作创新行为策略分析

采用博弈论的方法,考虑声誉效应对博弈双方效用、策略的影响,建立信号博弈模型,并分析精炼贝叶斯均衡,证明声誉水平、对声誉的态度以及技术市场价值的高低是影响建立合作关系的重要因素。探讨双方建立合作关系的行为策略,提出实现合作达成双赢的建议。     

基于引力模型的省域创新产出空间联系研究

基于引力模型,结合社会网络分析法的凝聚子群分析,对31个省（区、市）的创新产出空间联系进行探究,研究发现：我国省域创新产出空间联系主要集中于京津冀和长三角一带,呈现出严重的分布不均状况,具有较强的区域集中性和空间依赖性;北京、天津、上海、浙江、江苏作为区域创新产出引力较强的节点省（区、市）,对周边区域的创新产出具有较强的辐射作用;总体来看,省域创新产出空间联系并没有形成贯穿东西南北的交叉网状结构,中心省（区、市）数量较少且分布不均,辐射范围有限。基于此,提出加大区域创新投入、减少区域创新产出联系的政策性障碍、营造区域创新产出联系的良好环境等政策建议。     

Knowledge diversity and coordination: The effect of intrafirm inventor task networks on absorption speed

Research Summary: We combine the absorptive capacity and social network theory approaches to predict how intrafirm “whole” network characteristics affect the firm's speed of absorption of external knowledge to produce inventions. We start from the widely accepted view that distant, externally‐developed knowledge is difficult to absorb into the focal firm's own knowledge production. We suggest that high levels of intrafirm inventor task network diversity and task network density are essential for a diversity of knowledge inputs and coordinated actions regarding knowledge transfer, which in turn, reduces problems related to the absorption of knowledge—especially in the case of knowledge that is distant from the focal firm. The results of an event history study of 113 pharmaceutical firms that engaged in technology in‐licensing from 1986 to 2003 provide general support for our hypotheses. Managerial Summary: Firms keen to keep up with an uncertain and ever‐changing industry environment, can benefit from the speedy introduction of inventions. We examine how firms absorb licensed‐in technologies to nurture the rapid development of own related inventions. We show that a firm's absorption speed depends on the characteristics of the internal collaboration networks among the firm's inventor employees. More specifically, technologically diverse and well‐connected inventor networks improve the firm's ability to absorb external technologies quickly. This applies especially to externally acquired technologies that are unfamiliar to the firm. Depending on the distance of the acquired technology from the focal firm combined with speed‐inducing inventor network characteristics, our estimates suggest that firms can reduce the time needed for absorption by several months.     

Experience matters: The role of academic scientist mobility for industrial innovation

Research Summary: A learning‐by‐hiring approach is used to scrutinize scientists' mobility in relation to the recruiting firms' subsequent innovation output. Our starting point is that among firm hires, individuals with university research experience—hired from universities or firms—can be particularly valuable. However, conflicting institutional logics between academia and industry makes working with academic scientists challenging at times for firms. We suggest two solutions to this difficulty: hiring “ambidextrous” individuals with a mix of experience of university research and working for a technologically advanced firm, and a strong organizational research culture in the recruiting firm reflected by the presence of a scientist on the top management team. We track the mobility of R&D workers empirically using patent and linked employer‐employee data. Managerial Summary: An important way to make organizations more innovative is hiring individual researchers with the right types of skills and experience. We show that individuals with university research experience beyond their final degree are particularly likely to help boost firm‐level innovation output after hiring compared to R&D workers with other types of skills and experience. However, to obtain good returns to innovation from hiring such individuals, firms need a university research–friendly organizational culture when hiring individuals with university research experience, from either firms or academia.     

Are you really doing good things in your boss's eyes? Interactive effects of employee innovative work behavior and leader–member exchange on supervisory performance ratings

Organizations increasingly depend on employee efforts to innovate. However, the quality of relationships between leaders and employees may affect the recognition that employees receive for their innovative work behaviors. Drawing from a social cognition perspective, we tested a model in which leader–member exchange (LMX) moderates the impact of employee innovative work behavior on supervisory ratings of employee performance. Results from two multisource studies combining self, colleague, and supervisor ratings consistently showed that employees receive more favorable performance ratings by engaging in innovative work behavior when they have high‐quality LMX relationships. Moreover, we found that this interactive relationship was mediated by leader perceptions of innovative employee efforts, providing support for a moderated mediation model. Implications for the literatures on performance appraisal, LMX, and innovation are discussed.     

Entrepreneurial innovativeness and growth ambitions in thick vs. thin regional innovation systems

Research in economic geography has paid increasing attention to regional innovation systems (RISs) as a potential vehicle for growth and development. Yet despite an increasing amount of research studying RISs in particular and economic regions in general, we have limited knowledge about their influence on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. We respond to this knowledge gap and study if entrepreneurs’ localization in thick vs. thin RISs affects their innovativeness and growth ambitions. Thick RISs are predominately urbanized spaces that include organizations of higher-level education, R&D intensive milieus, and an ample industry sector, while thin RISs to a lesser degree encompass these features. Empirically, we analyse 870–917 entrepreneurial firms in Agder of Southern Norway. Based on trade and labour markets, as defined by the EU’s classification of local administrative units (LAU1), we identify two thick and six thin RISs in Agder. Econometric analyses show that entrepreneurs located in thick RISs are more innovative than entrepreneurs located in thin RISs, but there are no significant differences concerning entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions. In light of our findings, we discuss the potential agency role played by entrepreneurial firms at a micro level on path dependent features of RISs at a macro level.     

Does the Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme Foster Innovation in European Firms?

This paper studies whether environmental management systems can spur eco‐innovation, analyzing EMAS (Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme) adoption and patented innovations (at the European Patent Office) at firm level. It uses an original panel database of 30 439 European firms belonging to all sectors from 2003 to 2012. An original instrumental variable is implemented to control for potential endogeneity. The analysis reveals that EMAS adoption is conducive to more innovation at the firm level. The results vary across countries and sectors. In particular, EMAS is positively related to green patents for medium and low technology manufacturing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

新旧动能转换的理论探索与实践研判

新旧动能转换是实现创新驱动、推动经济由高速度增长向高质量发展的重大战略举措。从世界范围看,新旧动能转换不仅是世界经济演进的客观规律,也是新技术革命持续发展的必然要求。从国内发展看,新旧动能转换是中国迈向全球价值链中高端、进入经济发展新时代的根本出路。本文通过考察新旧动能转换的内涵和模式,进而从技术效率和技术进步二维视角分析新旧动能转换的动态演进。新旧动能转换包含要素、企业、产业和社会四个层面的着力点。新旧动能转换存在从政府主导走向政府引导、从经济领域走向社会领域、从重点示范走向全面推进、从要素驱动走向创新驱动、从渐进式革新走向颠覆性创新等多条发展路径。     

产业集聚、市场集中对区域创新能力的作用——基于京津冀、长三角两大经济圈制造业的比较

产业集聚和市场集中是影响区域创新能力的重要因素。本文考察了京津冀、长三角两大经济圈制造业产业集聚与市场集中对区域技术创新能力的作用。实证分析结果表明：两大经济圈制造业集聚与市场集中均在一定程度上促进了区域创新能力的提升,但由于两大区域体制机制条件、创新环境、产业组织形态等不同,制造业产业集聚影响区域技术创新的程度、特征与路径也存在一定差别。两大经济圈应采取差异化集群发展方式,加快推进制造业集群升级,特别是应抢抓第四次工业革命发展机遇,提升制造业智能化水平,提升区域创新能力水平。