企业研发投资财税激励检验的实证分析

本文基于企业投资行为的理论框架,运用企业R&D投资行为模型分析财税政策对企业研发投资行为的影响机理,同时对我国2000—2009年财政税收激励政策以及大中型工业企业的研发投入情况进行实证检验,目的在于对我国激励企业研发活动财税政策的实施效果进行理论与实证的对比性分析。研究结果表明,我国税收优惠政策和政府采购政策对企业的研发投入有明显的激励效应,此项政策需要继续加强,而我国的财政科技投入政策在规模和方式等方面需要进一步完善。     

Monetary–fiscal policy interactions and fiscal stimulus

Increases in government spending trigger substitution effects—both inter- and intra-temporal—and a wealth effect. The ultimate impacts on the economy hinge on current and expected monetary and fiscal policy behavior. Studies that impose active monetary policy and passive fiscal policy typically find that government consumption crowds out private consumption: higher future taxes create a strong negative wealth effect, while the active monetary response increases the real interest rate. This paper estimates Markov-switching policy rules for the United States and finds that monetary and fiscal policies fluctuate between active and passive behavior. When the estimated joint policy process is imposed on a conventional new Keynesian model, government spending generates positive consumption multipliers in some policy regimes and in simulated data in which all policy regimes are realized. The paper reports the model's predictions of the macroeconomic impacts of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's implied path for government spending under alternative monetary–fiscal policy combinations.     

FOOD INSECURITY AND INSUFFICIENCY AT LOW LEVELS OF FOOD EXPENDITURES

In this study we investigate the external validity of the food insecurity and insufficiency measures—specifically, how these measures correlate with food expenditures—using the December 2003 Food Security Supplement of the Current Population Survey. We focus on a special segment of the population—households with low incomes and low food expenditures. If reports of food problems are based on a lack of food, reports should be nearly ubiquitous at the bottom of the expenditure distribution. We find, however, that this is not the case. We define and scale food expenditures several different ways and find that the reported incidence of food insecurity never rises above one‐half anywhere along the corresponding expenditure distributions, leading to concerns about the external validity of the measure.     

Forecasting of electricity costs based on an enhanced gray-based learning model: A case study of renewable energy in Taiwan

This work presents a novel gray-based cost efficiency (GCE) model that integrates the gray forecasting model into a two-factor cost efficiency curve model for renewable energy (RE) technologies and identifies the optimal forecasting model for power generation cost of RE technologies. The analytical framework of proposed GCE model improves short-term prediction of power generation cost, and can be applied during the early developmental stages for RE technologies. Empirical analysis is based on wind power data for Taiwan. Time lag of knowledge stock was simulated to represent the actual relationship between R&D expenditures and cost reductions in power generation by knowledge stock. Analytical results demonstrate the GCE model is a useful tool to quantify the influences of cost reductions in power generation. The implications of analytical results are that institutional policy instruments play an important role in RE technologies achieving cost reductions and market adoption. The proposed GCE model can be applied to all high-technology cases, and particularly to RE technologies. The study concludes by outlining the limitations of the proposed GCE model and directions for further research.     

财政分权、政府层级与企业过度投资——来自地区上市公司面板数据的经验证据

文章以我国2001-2007年的上市公司为研究样本,探讨了地区财政分权程度与国有公司所属的政府层级对企业过度投资行为的影响。研究发现,财政分权越不充分的地区,其所控制的国有公司和属地民营公司越有可能存在过度投资行为;相对于中央政府控制的国有公司,地方政府控制的国有公司和属地民营公司更有可能存在过度投资行为;地方政府的层级越低,其所控制的国有公司越有可能存在过度投资行为;GDP增速越慢的地区,其所控制的国有公司和属地民营公司越有可能存在过度投资行为。     

财政分权、利益输送与企业现金股利政策

本文以2000～2007年上市公司数据作为研究样本,实证考察了我国的财政分权程度与大股东的利益输送对上市公司现金股利政策的影响。研究发现,我国上市公司大股东的持股比例与上市公司现金股利发放显著正相关。表明大股东利用现金股利进行利益输送的现象确实存在,但在财政分权程度越低的地区这种影响越大。此外,相对于非国有上市公司,国有上市公司的大股东利用现金股利进行利益输送的可能性越大;国有上市公司所属的政府层级越低,大股东利用现金股利进行利益输送的行为越有可能存在。本文的研究表明,要缓解大股东与中小股东之间的代理冲突,除了要完善对大股东的监督与制约机制,还需要改革与完善我国目前的财政分权制度,减轻地方政府的财政压力,从而真正实现政府对企业干预的减少,使公司的现金股利政策成为缓解代理冲突与传递公司信号的工具。     

中国式财政分权下的地方政府支出

中国式分权的特殊性集中体现在经济上的分权与政治上的集中管理体制的紧密结合。中国经济改革始终围绕着如何在垂直的政治治理体制下合理划分中央和地方的利益关系,调动地方的积极性。分税制改革以来,虽然政府间财政收入划分相对清晰,但支出责任并没有被正式划分。中国地方政府支出也因此表现出一些值得关注的特点,并给中国的长期经济增长带来风险。本文对这一问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

欧元区主权债务危机探析

为全面了解欧元区成员国的财政运转状况,以1999年欧元区成立为界将欧元区财政状况划分两个阶段:在欧元启动之初,部分欧盟国家在经济指标尚不满足加入欧元区的现实下,隐瞒其真实负债水平,为日后欧元区主权债务危机的爆发埋下了隐患;加入欧元区后,各成员国为了刺激经济增长实施扩张性的财政政策使得赤字率和债务率相继超标,对加入欧元区的最初承诺已形同虚设.在债务危机急剧恶化的背景下,德、法等欧元区核心国实施的全方位救助程序短期内对遏止主权债务危机蔓延和维护欧元区稳定起到了决定性作用.     

财政分权与绩效管理的相互关系研究

财政分权和绩效管理是目前世界上公共经济领域两个热门的改革话题。本文在梳理已有研究成果的基础上,从规范分析和实证分析两方面研究了财政分权与绩效管理之间相互促进、协调发展的关系,并提出应明确各级政府职能,深化我国财政分权,推进绩效管理的建设。     

地方政府规模影响因素实证分析

本文从公共服务需求角度出发,运用中国31省面板数据检验了地方政府规模的影响因素。研究发现:(1)我国地方政府规模发展趋势符合瓦格纳法则,同时满足对外经济的效率假说和补偿假说;(2)民族多元化对地方政府规模有显著的正向影响;(3)上期政府收入对政府支出有很大的正向影响,说明二者之间互为因果关系。