甲醇汽车技术经济评价及规模应用的可行性

甲醇究竟是不是优良的车用替代燃料、甲醇汽车能否规模化应用一直是当前中国政府、汽车产业、燃料生产企业密切关注的问题。本文将从甲醇汽车排放性能、相关技术、运营成本等方面进行技术经济评价,同时从资源供应、市场区位增长空间、配套产业发展三方面探讨甲醇汽车规模应用的可行性。研究表明：甲醇汽车的排放性、技术性能、经济性良好;同时规模化发展具备资源长期可供、市场增长空间巨大、配套产业容易发展三方面竞争优势,甲醇燃料及甲醇汽车规模应用对于缓解油气需求压力、在交通领域节能减排、发展中国特色新能源汽车产业具有重要意义。     

The Economic and Environmental Consequences of Automobile Lifetime Extension and Fuel Economy Improvement: Japan's Case

The presenft paper develops a structural decomposition analysis with cumulative product lifetime distributions to estimate the effects of both product lifetime shifts and energy efficiency changes on the embodied energy consumptions. The empirical analysis focuses on automobile use (ordinary passenger vehicles, small passenger vehicles, and light passenger vehicles) in Japan during the period 1990–2000. It reveals that the lifetime extension of existing old vehicles during the study period was more beneficial to the environment than purchasing new passenger vehicles with a relatively high fuel economy, because the lifetime extension empirically contributed to reducing the embodied energy consumption at the production and end-use stages. We also found that the energy-saving impact of a one-year lifetime extension was approximately 1.3 times larger than that of the most significant technological improvement in the electric power generation sector.     

焦化酸焦油的处置利用

介绍了酸焦油的性质及危害,综述了酸焦油生产燃料油、橡胶添加剂、配煤炼焦、表面活性剂等处置利用方式。     

加强火电企业燃料成本控制的路径分析

火电企业作为市场经济的一个主体,也要追求经济效益,而其重点便在于对燃料成本的控制。本文以燃煤为例,对火电企业燃料成本的影响因素进行了分析,并从这些因素出发,提出一系列成本控制的对策。     

清洁燃料发展概述

概述了我国汽、柴油质量标准现状及存在的问题并简单介绍了清洁燃料的生产技术.     

农业转型与资源替代

本文通过对发达国家农业生产中出现的化肥施用量相对减少这一趋势的探讨,分析了我国农业化肥施用现状,并通过对作物秸杆作为燃料获取能量与生产化肥所消耗能量的对比,说明从节省能量的角度来看,用有机肥部分替代化肥具有一定的合理性;指出在我国要实现肥料间的替代,首先要解决农村生活资料的替代问题。揭示出资源间的连锁替代是我国实现有机农业的关键。     

Climate change and the transition to a low carbon economy – Carbon targets and the carbon budget

Carbon intensive fuels generate a significant negative externality which is quite relevant for climate change mitigation policy. We propose a dynamic growth model where output is produced using two types of energy sources: fossil fuel and renewable energy. Fossil fuel discovery, extraction, and associated costs are incorporated in our model together with the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and consequent damages. Consistent with the empirical facts, our numerical solutions suggest that fossil fuels, especially coal, should not be exploited to depletion. Furthermore, renewable energy should be gradually phased in to meet targets consistent with the Paris 2015 agreement. We show that adopting those policies should slow down the growth rate of cumulative emissions; but the outcome is contingent upon the carbon emission targets set for advanced countries, as distinct from those assigned to developing countries.     

A comparison of alternative technologies to de-carbonize Canada's passenger transportation sector

Using a full systems model of Canada's economy, six alternative scenarios to de-carbonize the personal passenger vehicle fleet are compared to a business as usual non de-carbonized scenario in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, trade disposition of energy commodities, and the physical resources required for energy production. Three scenarios are analyzed to compare the impacts of increasing either ethanol 85, hydrogen, or electricity powered vehicles into the vehicle fleet, with each starting to penetrate the light vehicle stock in 2010 to reach 100% of the new vehicle market by 2050. For each of these three scenarios, we then construct a variant scenario that considers the additional effects of de-carbonizing electricity production. With a de-carbonized electricity sector, net emission reductions are 29% for ethanol 85, and 31% for both hydrogen and electricity. When considering the transportation sector only, net emission reductions equal 13% for ethanol 85, and 14% for hydrogen and electricity. However, although the ethanol scenario results in the lowest reduction in total emissions, it has significant impacts on other parts of the physical resource base. By the time ethanol reaches 5% of the fuel mix in 2015, domestic consumption of grains increases by 20%, in turn impacting crop trade disposition. At this point, emissions are reduced by less than 0.5%, owing to the fossil fuels required since most ethanol is still grain based. By 2050 it is projected that almost all ethanol will be cellulose based, generating a more significant emission reduction but in turn requiring potentially unsustainable amounts of crop residue.     

电厂生产系统经济性能的实用性算法

介绍了以燃料成本确定电厂生产系统经济性能的实用性算法、对电厂经营性能计算方法的分析,实用性算法的建立、实用性算法的分析、实用算法的应用作了较详细的阐述.     

External shocks and efficiency changes in the US airline industry

The US airline industry has experienced severe turbulence during the recent decade. The September 11 terrorist attack (9/11) was the greatest shock at the beginning of the 2000s. Recently, the dramatic increase in fuel costs emerged as another shock to the industry. To understand the effects of these two major events, this study investigated the cross-sectional efficiency of the US airline industry and its changes using the data envelopment analysis technique. The primary findings suggest that 9/11 affected the network carriers (NCs) more severely than the low-cost carriers (LCCs), while fuel costs more seriously influenced the LCCs than the NCs.