基于发电成本与环境效益的风电最佳接入容量分析

为充分了解风电接入电力系统后对发电成本及环境效益的影响,计算符合系统运行经济性的风电接入容量,建立了风电最佳接入容量优化模型。采用该模型分析了不同容量火电机组在不同功率下的煤耗特性变化,并通过对火电机组深度调峰补偿调动火电机组调峰积极性;引入火电排污成本以充分体现风电接入后的环境效益,加入弃风惩罚费用来保障风电优先调度。采用粒子群算法并结合主动搜索技术(active explore basic particle swarm optimization,AEPSO)对模型进行求解,有效解决了粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的问题。最后以某地区实际电力系统为例,计算得出了在最经济运行模式下的风电接入容量,验证了模型的合理性。该研究可为相关决策部门制定风电发展规划提供参考。     

How much energy will your NGN consume? A model for energy consumption in next generation access networks: The case of Spain

The contribution to global energy consumption of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector has increased considerably in the last decade, along with its growing relevance to the overall economy. This trend will continue due to the seemingly ever greater use of these technologies, with broadband data traffic generated by the usage of telecommunication networks as a primary component. In fact, in response to user demand, the telecommunications industry is initiating the deployment of next generation networks (NGNs). However, energy consumption is mostly absent from the debate on these deployments, in spite of the potential impact on both expenses and sustainability. In addition, consumers are unaware of the energy impact of their choices in ultra-broadband services. This paper focuses on forecasting energy consumption in the access part of NGNs by modelling the combined effect of the deployment of two different ultra-broadband technologies (FTTH-GPON and LTE), the evolution of traffic per user, and the energy consumption in each of the networks and user devices. Conclusions are presented on the levels of energy consumption, their cost and the impact of different network design parameters. The effect of technological developments, techno-economic and policy decisions on energy consumption is highlighted. On the consumer side, practical figures and comparisons across technologies are provided. Although the paper focuses on Spain, the analysis can be extended to similar countries.     

Digital knowledge generation and the appropriability trade-off

The introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) has changed in depth the organization of the generation of knowledge reducing significantly knowledge absorption cost and improving knowledge interactions. The digital generation of knowledge relies on the systematic access and use of the stock of quasi-public knowledge. ICT enable to reconsider the knowledge appropriability trade-off as it helps to better appreciate the positive role of knowledge spillovers in the recombinant generation of new knowledge, next to the well-known negative effects of the limited appropriability of knowledge on revenues and hence incentives to innovate. This new analytical framework calls for an augmented role of telecommunications policy that should take into account the positive effects of knowledge connectivity on the generation of knowledge.     

Network-centric digital development in Korea: Origins,growth and prospects

South Korea is currently the world leader in digital network infrastructure and the leading example of ICT-driven development. However, the explanation of how and why Korea accomplished these things is not clearly apparent from a review of mainstream scholarship. A deeper understanding of Korea’s “miracle on the Han” requires more historical, cultural, political and social context. This study addresses questions of how, when and why a nation whose infrastructures were utterly destroyed at the 1953 cessation of hostilities in the Korean War could emerge as the world’s digital network leader. It examines policy issues bearing on digitization of networks, network architecture and network technologies, along with broader context in which these policies were considered, drafted and implemented. Chronologically, the study explains the origins of digital development in the revolutionary decade of the 1980s, Korea’s rise to world broadband leader in the 1990s and its ambitious plans for next generation networks. The study concludes with a review of policy “lessons”, including both successes and failures, that may be drawn from the Korean experience.     

Differential multipliers

A modified version of the Archer tourism multiplier model is used to derive differential multipliers, at both the sectoral and firm scale, for the Cook Islands tourist industry and ancillary sectors. Firm level analysis is shown to be necessary if factors of industrial organization, such as size and ownership characteristics, are not to be overlooked. The results reveal that smaller, locally owned establishments generate more local income, employment, and gross government revenue than their larger, overseas controlled counterparts. The model is shown to be a highly suitable surrogate for conventional input-output models, which, due to factors such as cost and lack of data, cannot always be used in small nations or regions to develop a data base suitable for the planning of tourist development.     

Analyzing the leisure activities of the Baby Boomers and the Generation of Liberation: evidence from South Korea

The purpose of this study is to reveal certain characteristics of the leisure activity patterns of different generational cohorts through their continuity of participation levels in leisure activities. This research also compares the daily and tourism destination leisure activities of the Baby Boomer Generation and the Generation of Liberation in South Korea, which are the two biggest senior groups. This continuity of participation level (referred to as a ‘stability pattern’) was found by defining the types of activities undertaken in daily life and comparing them to activities pursued when participants travelled overseas. The subjects for study were 382 senior adults over 50 years old. They were divided into two groups: Generation of Liberation (born between 1941 and 1954) and Baby Boomer Generation (born between 1955 and 1963). We found for both senior groups that if they participated in a certain leisure activity in their daily lives, they tended to participate in the same activity at tourist destinations. They were also consistent in carrying out leisure activities relating to education, exploration, and personal interests. The results showing the leisure activity patterns derived from this study bear practical implications for tourist producers and organizers as they strategically develop, improve, and package activities.     

Branch-and-price algorithm for the location-routing problem with time windows

This study proposes a branch-and-price algorithm to solve the Location-Routing Problem with Time Windows (LRPTW) which has never been attempted with the exact solutions before. The problem is solved by the simplex algorithm in the master problem and elementary shortest path problems with resource constraint corresponding to column generation in the subproblem until only the non-negative reduced cost columns remain. The proposed algorithm can solve many testing instances effectively. The computational results and the effect of time windows are also compared and discussed.     

Railway crew capacity planning problem with connectivity of schedules

We study a tactical level crew capacity planning problem in railways which determines the minimum required crew size in a region while both feasibility and connectivity of schedules are maintained. We present alternative mathematical formulations which depend on network representations of the problem. A path-based formulation in the form of a set-covering problem along with a column-and-row generation algorithm is proposed. An arc-based formulation of the problem is solved with a commercial linear programming solver. The computational study illustrates the effect of schedule connectivity on crew capacity decisions and shows that arc-based formulation is a viable approach.     

农业经营组织演化的经济学解释

对农业经营组织演化的经济学机理进行了系统梳理和分析。研究表明：农业生产特性使得公司化和集体化模式面临高监督和组织协调成本,中国农村土地安排的社会保障功能,使得农业家庭经营具有一定的合理性。然而,农业家庭经营本身难以克服农业资本和技术服务约束、市场准入困难和市场风险威胁,农业经营正在经历一个组织化的过程。“公司＋农户”在克服市场进入障碍和降低市场风险的同时,面临着由于合同不完全性、不公平性和机会主义导致的合约不稳定窘境;农户合作社通过农户之间的合作,能够克服农户资本和技术服务农业生产约束,通过组织化农户与企业签定合约,提升了契约稳定性,但传统的农户合作存在“搭便车”等内在缺陷,限制了服务的规模,必须进行内部制度创新,向新一代合作社演化。农业经营的外部环境和内在技术变化,必然会引起农业组织本身的变化,农业经营组织演化的经济因素和演化方向,是值得进一步关注的问题。     

论发电企业“创先争优”与促进社会和谐的关系

创先争优的核心价值是稳定社会,促进社会和谐,发电企业创先争优就是要保证人与人的和谐,人与设备的和谐,人与管理制度的和谐。发电企业应结合自身的实际,调动一切可以调动的积极因素,有效地提升和谐价值,实现人与人的感情对接,人与设备的和谐运转,人与社会的共同进步,在创先争优促进社会和谐方面突出自己的创意和特色。