Market microstructure in a global B2B network

On‐line marketplaces raise several interesting issues, among them the relevance of location when content is digitized, and the assessment of a supplier's capabilities when buyers worldwide only have electronic contact with sellers. In global B2B on‐line marketplaces, market microstructures, i.e. which firms compete for the same customers, are thus likely to be influenced by how customers value location and firm capabilities in their decisions to do business with different suppliers on‐line. We suggest that both these sets of attributes will continue to matter on‐line—firms possessing similar capabilities, as well as firms that are similar in location by country, time zones or clusters, will compete for business from the same customers. We model the similarity in competitive positions between pairs of firms based on the overlap in their customer networks, using data on actual interactions between supplier and customer banks on an electronic trading system. Using QAP network regression techniques on the 100 largest banks in this industry, we find that similarity in capabilities influences who competes with whom, and that location still matters in a global B2B exchange. Interestingly, location influences who a firm's competitors are, but not where its customers are from. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域经济发展差距:新经济地理、要素流动与经济政策

改革开放后,中国区域经济发展差距主要表现为区域间差距的扩大,而非区域内部差距的扩大。这一现象的发生是多方面原因共同作用的结果:在新经济地理因素的影响下,具有区位优势的东部沿海地区吸引了中西部地区大量的生产要素进行跨区域流动,加上中央政府的政策导向作用,使得中国经济发展差距呈现出逐步扩大的趋势。因此,中央政府应该采取有力措施,以便在全国形成合理的区域分工,进而达到缩小区域经济发展差距的目标。     

Transport development and the evolution of economic geography

In this paper, based on the recent advances in the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita et al. [12]), we analyze impacts of transport costs on the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. We first identify prototypes from the existing models, and explain the mechanism of how transport costs influence the balance between economic forces of agglomeration and dispersion. We then investigate the transformation of the agglomeration/dispersion patterns given gradually decreasing transport costs for different goods.Received: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, Accepted: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, JEL Classification: R12Tomoya Mori: Correspondence toThe authors are grateful to David Bernstein, Tatsuo Hatta, Komei Sasaki, Tony E. Smith, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. This research is partly supported by The Grant in Aid for Research 08403001 of Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan, the Murata Science Foundation, and WESCO Civil Engineering Technology Foundation.     

地区专业化、产业集中与经济集聚——对我国制造业的实证分析

以新经济地理学模型为基本理论框架,对我国各省区专业化水平、制造业各行业的集中程度和整个制造业的集聚程度进行了实证分析,结果显示1993—2003年间我国各省份的专业化水平呈显著上升趋势,制造业大部分行业集中程度提高,整个制造业集聚程度上升。在制造业各行业集中程度和整个制造业集聚程度的测算中,引入SP指数,结果显示这一指标的引进是非常必要的。     

Development Dynamics: Economic Integration and the Demographic Transition

This paper examines the influence of economic integration—widening of the trading area—on economic development and the demographic transition. Economies produce with different technologies depending on their scale. Greater integration between regions (greater extensive scale) is instrumental in changing rates of return, which generates an industrial revolution and provokes changes in child bearing behavior. The demographic transition follows from the mortality response to income and birth response to greater scale. The model is calibrated and simulated using historical data from Europe. Historical evidence is cited to support the idea that integration precedes the dramatic rise in economic growth rates.     

International Trade and the Environment: Theoretical and Policy Linkages

I review and extend three approaches to trade and environmental policies: competitive general equilibrium, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The first two have surprisingly similar implications: deviations from first-best rules are justified only by constraints on policy choice (which motivates what I call a “single dividend” approach to environmental policy), and taxes and emissions standards differ in ways which reflect the Le Chatelier principle. I also show how environmental taxes may lead to a catastrophic relocation of industry in the presence of agglomeration effects, although not necessarily if there is a continuum of industries which differ in pollution intensity. *An earlier version was presented as an invited plenary lecture to the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics Conference, Oslo, 1999.     

赛博空间技术支撑及在城市地理研究中的应用

赛博空间是一种崭新的人类生活和交往空间，它以计算机技术、现代通讯网络技术、虚拟现实技术综合应用为基础，为人们提供了全亲的经济活动场所，本文讨论了赛博空间的概念，以及支撑赛博空间的关键技术，即信息高速公路、遥感技术、地理信息系统技术、数据库管理和虚拟现实技术等，并就其在城市规划，城市交通，商业布局及城市旅游中的若干应用进行探讨。     

产品和地理多样化对农产品贸易的影响分析

[目的]农业在中国经济发展中一直处于基础产业地位,其既是人类赖以生存的物质基础,同时也是重要的工业原料。另外,在世界农产品贸易中,中国也扮演着十分重要的角色。因此,农产品的进出口对中国的农业生产有着深远影响,农产品进出口的稳定性直接决定了中国农业生产的稳定性。为此,将从产品和地理多样化视角,探究中国农产品进出口的稳定性。[方法]利用标准化赫芬达尔指数对中国农产品出口(进口)的地理多样化和产品多样化进行了测度,并在此基础上,进一步利用回归方法对出口(进口)地理多样化和产品多样化对农产品出口(进口)波动性的影响进行了检验。[结果]无论是出口还是进口,地理多样化和产品多样化都存在不同程度的行业异质性;无论是出口还是进口,地理多样化和产品多样化对农产品贸易波动性的影响存在着不同程度的行业异质性。[结论]在产品结构和地理结构方面,根据不同商品类别采取多样化或专一化政策以减少中国农产品进出口的波动性。     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

金融地理学视角下中国农村金融省际差异研究

从金融总量、金融结构、金融效率和金融环境四个方面构建农村金融综合发展水平评价指标体系,并基于2006～2010年5年实际平均数据,从金融地理学角度运用因子分析法和模糊曲线法考察环境因子、文化因子、设施因子、科技因子、经济因子等金融地理因素对各省(区)农村金融综合发展水平的贡献程度。研究结果表明:我国各省农村金融综合发展水平存在明显差异,各影响因子中科技因子影响程度最大,经济、文化、基础设施、开放、劳动因子影响次之,聚集因子影响程度较小。因此,缩小农村金融省际差异,必须统筹各金融地理因素,尤其应注重农村科技、经济和文化对金融的提升作用。