后发劣势:对后发国家发展战略的深层思考

随着国内外环境的改变和后发劣势的增加,曾经是后发国家最优战略选择的日、韩模式已失去了其存在的基础,盲目模仿反而会造成政府与市场的双重失灵;而作为当前最优制度选择的西方成熟的民主市场经济加宏观调控体制,则由于国情相异太大,后发国家难以模仿;在这种背景下,作为次优战略选择的民主宪政加自由市场模式就成为大部分后发国家当前的最佳选择.     

中央政府监管下的地方公债融资制度构想

作者认为,地方公共品需求的扩大和财政收支压力提出了地方政府债务融资的问题,而监督地方政府的民主机制建设落后,我国现阶段赋予地方政府独立举债权尚不现实,目前只能采取渐进式过渡性的办法--建立中央政府监管下的地方公债制度,以中央监管代替民主监督来解决地方政府在公共产品供应上资金不足的问题.据此,本文提出了中央政府监管下的地方公债制度构架及相关配套的改革建议.     

Capacity,sustainability, and the community benefits of municipal utility ownership in the United States

ABSTRACT

Most literature on utility sustainability focuses on internal operations; this misses the role that utilities could play within a community. This study measures the impact of municipal ownership of water and electric utilities on the sustainability policymaking of local governments. I find that municipalities with government-owned water utilities adopt more sustainability measures than those with investor-owned service. Similarly, municipally-owned electric utilities have higher levels of energy sustainability in the community, but not in government operations. The utilities provide fiscal and technical capacity to municipalities. Interdepartmental coordination also strongly predicts sustainability policymaking. This study brings potential community benefits to the discussion of private investment in public service delivery.     

Inter-local relations and trans-scaling through finance in Poland

Inter-local cooperation is difficult to measure. In Poland, however, the data-set concerning financial transfers between local government budgets (one of the most popular quantitative measures of cooperation) has never been described in scientific literature. This paper aims at contributing to fill this gap. On the basis of the budget expenditures of all Polish local governments, we applied two research methods: OLS regression and Heckman two-stage regression. The results show that the decision whether to get into cooperation, and the decision on the extent of involvement are driven by different factors.     

Comparing Environmental Policy Instruments in the Presence of Imperfect Compliance – A Case Study

In this paper, we aim to include rule making, implementation, monitoring and enforcement costs into the cost comparison of policy instruments. We use a simple partial equilibrium model and apply it to the textile industry. The model includes discrete abatement functions and costly monitoring and enforcement. The case study uses individual firm data to simulate the differences in abatement costs and compliance decisions between firms. We compare combinations of regulatory instruments (emission taxes, emission standards and technology standards) and enforcement instruments (criminal fines, civil fines and transaction offers). We show that the inclusion of information, monitoring and enforcement costs indeed alters the relative cost efficiency of the different instruments.     

我国国债市场的金融功能与流动性分析

国债市场是货币市场的重要组成部分,在发达国家其金融功能已超越财政功能。我国国债市场由于流动性水平较低,难以执行宏观金融调控功能。为此,应当合理规划我国国债市场,并以提高其流动性水平为目标,拓展我国国债的金融功能。     

论政府包办型生态建设补偿机制的低效性成因及应对策略

政府主导型生态建设的资金投入通过政府委托代理链最终到达“种树人”环节。由于链条本身存在重复性大规模剥蚀资金的缺陷,当资金到达最终环节时,往往因数量的大幅减少而陷入高成本低收益困境。即使那些能够到达最终环节的资金,也会因补偿机制的不适当而缺乏效率。如何克服这种由政府包办而形成的低效率补偿机制?基本途径是让资金运动绕开政府委托代理链,直接到达最终环节,实行治理成果与补偿机制直接挂钩的激励与约束机制。     

会计准则的供给与需求

会计信息是一种典型的公共物品,由于存在“市场失灵”、“政府失灵”,无法从根本上回答是政府制定会计准则还是由民间机构制定准则。从准则的供需角度出发,我国会计准则与美国以及国际会计准则的不同具有必然性,因为供给与需求不同,导致各国会计目标不完全相同。目标如不一致,所采用的会计政策与会计方法就会有侧重。     

城市经营中的市场失灵和政府"失灵"

城市经营是目前理论界的一个热门课题.然而,目前关于城市经营的研究探讨,主要集中在城市经营的内涵、内容、经营对象以及经营模式等方面,对于城市经营中政府和市场的关系问题则涉及较少.在明确城市经营内涵的基础上,讨论了城市经营中政府和市场所存在的缺陷,并提出了相应的改善措施.     

公共部门资产：政府失灵与价值管理改革

公共部门资产是基于市场失灵由公共部门占有使用的公共资源。公共部门资产的传统管理是以实物管理为主的低效率模式,最后表现为政府失灵,市场经济下必须改革和加强其价值管理方式。成本管理、资产预算、有偿使用和资本化改革是价值管理的主要手段与方法,也是激活公共部门资产的一种有效的途径。非经营性资产的资本化方式很多,将公共资源实行公司化营运,即“南宁模式”是一种较为激进的改革,尚需慎重。