Compensation as a signal of organizational culture: the effects of advertising individual or collective incentives

Beyond their impact on current employees, compensation systems are thought to convey important messages about an organization's values and practices to potential hires, but explicit empirical support for this belief is scant. In two experiments, US participants evaluated recruiting advertisements containing simple statements about bonuses, with performance basis manipulated between-subjects in the first experiment and within-subjects in the second. Advertising bonuses based on individual performance caused an organization to be perceived as likely to have a more individualist culture, whereas bonuses based on team or organizational performance led to perceptions of a more collectivist culture. When participants in the second study were asked to choose between hypothetical jobs at organizations with different advertised compensation systems, the relation between individual differences and job preference was contingent on their organizational culture perceptions. In contrast to previous research, no modal preference for individual over collective rewards was observed.     

关于奥地利学派制度变迁理论方法论的初步分析

奥地利学派的制度变迁理论其方法论主要有三大"基石"构成,即,主观主义、方法论个人主义、演进理性主义。它对于其学派的制度变迁理论的渲化具有特殊意义。     

试析西方经济学“经济人”假设的发展及其局限性——基于对马克思相关观点的理解

"经济人"假设关注个人的利益目标及实现目标的能力,而马克思在刻画个人时还特别强调了社会关系对个人行为选择的约束。笔者立足于对马克思相关观点的理解,探讨秉承斯密个人主义思想的西方经济学流派对"经济人"假设的继承和发展,试图揭示这一个人观念进一步发展遇到的困惑。遵循方法论个人主义原则,西方学者要从追逐自身利益的"经济人"出发,解释约束其实现自身利益的因素形成和变迁的原因,从而不得不面对引入另一种个人行为模式的尴尬。     

Microfoundations

This paper argues that the microfoundations programme can be understood as an implementation of an underlying methodological principle—methodological individualism—and that it therefore shares a fundamental ambiguity with that principle, viz, whether the macro must be derived from and therefore reducible to, or rather consistent with, micro-level behaviours. The pluralist conclusion of the paper is not that research guided by the principle of microfoundations is necessarily wrong, but that the exclusion of approaches not guided by that principle is indeed necessarily wrong. The argument is made via an examination of the advantages claimed for dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, the relationship between parts and wholes in social science, and the concepts of reduction, substrate neutrality, the intentional stance and hypostatisation.     

中西方关系网络比较及对跨国企业的启示

关系网同时存在于中西方的社会实践并在商业活动中扮演重要角色,但迄今为止的研究较少针对性的探讨中西方关系网的差别及形成这些差别的本质原因。本文从社会架构和文化价值出发,分别分析了中国的guanxi与西方的networking,从四个方面分析得出了它们的差别及形成原因。在此基础上,本文进一步提出了对中外跨国企业如何善用所在国关系网络的启示。     

跨国合作中的信任差异与个人/集体主义维度

在全球竞争中,发展信任对有跨国业务的公司至关重要,但国家文化的差异会影响来自不同文化的公司感知和发展信任的方式。从建立信任方式、内外部信任、对被信任方评估和信任发展过程中的差异几个方面,讨论集体主义和个人主义文化中信任建立的差异很有必要。     

影片《功夫熊猫》中美国文化的模因分析

模因论是解释文化进化规律的一种新理论。运用模因论对美国动画电影《功夫熊猫》进行研究,可探讨其中独特的美国文化模因,即个人主义的复制及传播。     

对大学生产生重大影响的社会思潮

西方自由主义、拜金主义、享乐主义、个人主义、功利主义等是影响当代大学生思想的主要社会思潮。大学生易受不良思潮影响的原因在于缺乏历史知识,政治理论学习不深入,同时受西方思想文化的长期影响。所以要正确引导学生自觉学习政治理论,系统全面了解社会发展史,树立正确的人生观和价值观。同时网络、影视、报刊等媒体要有一个正确的导向,给大学生成长营造出一个好的成长环境。     

整体主义还是个体主义？——经济学中两大认知观的历史演化与现实反思

基于观察经济现象的行为主体,经济学中存在交互兴衰的两种认知观：一是抽象同质的原子主义个体分析,它强调研究经济现象最适当的方法应当在个人的水平上进行;二是具体异质的集体主义整体分析,它关注个体行为发生作用的社会影响。这两种分析思维各有片面性：一者,纯粹用个体主义术语来解释社会现象也是不可能的;二者,完全抛开个体行为来分析社会现象是非常困难的。一般地,越是把经济学研究对象集中于新古典传统领域（即与物质有关的生产、消费等）的学者,就越固守个人主义的研究路径;越是关注更为广泛的生活领域以及从事交叉学科研究的学者,则越是倾向于采取整体主义的研究路径。由于自然主义和个人主义是西方社会的基本思维,因而现代经济学主要继承了个人主义的分析思路,甚至极端化了原子论的个体主义研究方法,从而造成了经济学和其他社会科学之间的分裂。     

Does individualistic culture impact operational risk?

Employing a sample of 2,957 operational‐risk events across 31 countries from 1990 to 2011, we find that financial institutions located in countries with higher individualism tend to have higher operational risk. This positive relation is achieved through the risk‐taking channel and the earnings‐management channel. In addition, the magnitude of operational losses is higher in more individualistic countries. The results suggest that individualism serves as an important informal institutional determinant of operational risk in an international context. Endogeneity tests and various robustness checks confirm our findings.