Economic Growth with Imperfect Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

This paper examines the growth effects of intellectual property right (IPR) protection in a quality-ladder model of endogenous growth. Stronger IPR protection, which reduces the imitation probability, increases the reward for innovation. However, stronger protection also gradually reduces the number of competitive sectors, in which innovation is easier than in monopolistic sectors. With free entry to R&D, the number of researchers in each remaining competitive sector increases, but the concentration of R&D activity raises the possibility of unnecessary duplication of innovation, thereby hindering growth. Consequently, imperfect rather than perfect protection maximizes growth. Welfare and scale effects are also examined.     

Analysis and Forecast of the State of Environmental Protection in Russia

The main purpose of the present study is to analyse the emission dynamics of atmospheric and water pollutants in Russia and cost of their removal in the 1980s and early 1990s, and to forecast them by means of a Dynamic Input–Output Model according to different scenarios of future economic development till 1998. Main results of the work are:– methodological principles have been elaborated for singling out the environmental protection sector within the national economy;– a method has been offered for including the ecological block into a Dynamic Input–Output Model of the Russian economy;– a method of data preparation has been elaborated for the ecological block of the above-named model, the data base which characterizes the ecological situation in Russia has been formed and analysed;– calculations for 1994–1998 have been executed for forecasting the economic and ecological development of Russia using the above-mentioned model and the results obtained have been analysed. The results showed that if the existing tendencies towards low environmental protection capital costs remain the same, then the negative environmental impact will increase. In order to implement ecological programs and international agreements, to increase the proportion of removed pollutants, it is necessary to increase substantially expenditures on purifying water and air resources. The proportion of environmental protection investments in the total amount of the national economy capital costs should increase by up to 12–40% according to different scenarios of the economic development and different purposes of the environmental protection policy.     

对西方思想史中人的素质思想的考察

西方思想史实际上就是一部以人为中心的历史,它以人为出发点和考察对象,从古至今的思想家们自觉不自觉地涉及到了人的素质这一问题,本文纵向考察了从古希腊开始一直到近现代的西方思想家们对人的素质问题的论述,勾勒出西方人学思想发展的基本脉络,这对于我们今天在社会主义建设中如何认识和促进人的素质的发展具有非常重要的启示和意义。     

坚持科学发展观,切实提高高等教育质量

本文从科学发展观的内在要求出发审视了目前中国高等教育发展过程中在质量上与科学发展观不相适应的主要表现,并对其制度成因进行了原因分析。在此基础上,作者从六个方面提出了坚持科学发展观,切实提高高等教育质量的有效实现途径,具有深刻的现实意义。     

英语实施素质教育之我见

文章讨论了如何提高英语教师素质的几种途径 :勤于学习 ,扩大知识面 ,进修深造 ,以及在英语教学中优秀教师应当为学生创造良好的素质教育环境 ,以学生为中心 ,激发学生学习的兴趣 ,学导结合等。     

工业产品质量指数编制的理论探讨

现行工业产品质量指数因直接相加产品抽查批次、没有考虑产品市场占有率、且不具抽样随机性原则而有失科学性。以统计指数基本理论为依据 ,用“质量指数”替代“产品质量稳定提高率” ,理论和实践上均具可行性。     

在数学教学中提高学生的综合素质

数学对社会进步和人的发展具有巨大的推动作用。职业院校应在数学教学中进行思想品德教育,健全学生人格素质；进行世界观教育,提高学生的思想素质；进行美学教育,提高学生发现美、创造美的能力；实施开放性教育,提高学生的实践能力。     

Comprehensive assessment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation using deterministically linked administrative claims and patient-reported data: the Chronic Constipation and IBS-C Treatment and Outcomes Real-World Research Platform (CONTOR)

Abstract

Aims

To characterize a US population of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) or chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) using CONTOR, a real-world longitudinal research platform that deterministically linked administrative claims data with patient-reported outcomes data among patients with these conditions.     

加强专业设计型实验提高学生的综合素质

专业设计型实验是培养学生综合运用知识能力的有效方式.开展专业设计型虚拟实验应给学生创造一个宽松和谐的环境,经过反复实践,将实验中心建成强化学生综合能力、创新能力培养的基地.     

建立ISO9000质量体系几个值得重视的问题

质量对企业的发展是至关重要的,而贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００族标准是保证质量的有效方法。在建立和贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００中企业应重视以下几个方面的问题：１．领导的重视;２．培训;３．资源;４．贵在坚持和不断质量改进。