Sanitary and phytosanitary measures in Chinese agricultural exports: the role of trade intermediaries

We study the effect of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on Chinese agricultural exports and the role of trade intermediaries in this process following China’s accession to the World Trade Organization. While both agricultural exports and SPS regulations have grown, the use of trade intermediaries has declined sharply. We develop a model of heterogeneous producer-level decisions about choice of export mode that is consistent with this trend. In our econometric analysis, we analyse the effects of SPS measures and trade intermediaries on Chinese fruit and vegetable exports using transaction-level customs data. In contrast to much of the literature, we find some evidence of positive relationships among SPS measures, trade intermediaries and exports.     

The effects of producers’ trademark strategies on the structure of the cognac brandy supply chain during the second half of the 19th century. The reconfiguration of commercial trust by the use of brands

Abstract

The role of intermediaries in the distribution system of the cognac brandy trade changed with the choice of brand strategies by producers, thanks to the development of favorable legislation for property rights. Prior to the enforcement of trademark laws, consumers relied heavily upon the personal reputations of retailers in order to choose the spirits they drank. The recognition of producers’ trademarks in the second half of the nineteenth century reconfigured the issue of trust by allowing producers to integrate forward into distribution and marketing and by allowing consumers to trust an entity that they did not know personally: producers’ brands. They took over part of retailers’ work and tried to monitor intermediaries so as to enhance their own name as a sign of quality.     

在不同融资模式中金融中介的作用分析

如何认识金融中介在不同融资体系的发展?这是把握当前金融机构发展现状与未来趋势所应该搞清的重要问题.本文从两种融资模式的渊源出发,对市场导向的融资体系和银行导向的融资体系中金融中介的作用进行比较分析,并探讨我国融资的发展现状及未来趋势.     

医药知识产权的保护与医药科技中介机构的建立

医药领域对知识产权保护的依赖性高于其他行业，但我国医药科技中介机构的缺失制约了我国医药知识产权的发展。本文试图通过对影响我国医药知识产权的获得和保护的相关因素的分析，阐明我国医药科技中介机构建立的重要性和紧迫性，并提出建立专业化、多样化、市场化的医药科技中介机构的具体设想。     

Information brokers and the use of budgetary and financial information by politicians: the case of Portugal

This paper analyses the intermediary role of the technical bodies that support the use of budgetary and financial information by central government politicians in Portugal. The main findings show that information brokers are playing a central role in preparing this information in a credible, simple and understandable way. However, even if not intentionally, the information they present can be biased. Politicians need to be aware that the information brokers they rely on may not be giving them ‘neutral’ information.     

金融市场与金融中介的功能比较分析

金融体系最基本的功能是引导资源配置 ,由此衍生出流动性便利或流动性保险、资源汇聚和股权分割、风险管理、信息生产、为投资者提供监控和激励手段等功能。金融中介和金融市场在这些功能方面各有所长 ,因此在金融体系设计上应当扬长避短 ,互为补充 ,以促进融资的顺利进行和融资效率的提高。     

金融中介、股票市场与经济增长:基于联立方程模型的实证分析

文章利用1998～2009年的季度数据,通过构建联立方程模型,利用GMM估计方法系统考察了中国金融中介、股票市场与经济增长之间的相互关系.实证研究结果表明:金融中介发展与经济增长二者相互影响,但作用方向不同:金融中介的总体规模对经济发展的影响为负;经济增长对于金融中介的发展存在显著的正向作用;股票市场发展与经济增长二者...     

The Contingent Tariff of the Special Safeguard Mechanism: What Happens When Markets are Imperfectly Competitive?

Contingent tariffs for agri‐food commodities have been proposed as a Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) in the Doha Round negotiations by the G33 group of countries as an instrument to control downward spikes in their border prices and/or surges of imports. The objective is to safeguard the livelihood security of farm households in poor countries. To date, most analysis of such tariffs uses stochastic partial equilibrium models with perfect competition. Yet in many markets for such commodities, imperfectly competitive market intermediaries play an important role in determining producers' prices, as do state trading enterprises (STEs). A stochastic partial equilibrium model of a typical importing country situation is specified in which there are either imperfectly competitive domestic intermediaries with a contingent tariff or an STE. The role of these intermediaries in influencing price behaviour and livelihood security in the presence of contingent tariffs alters the conclusion based on models of perfect competition. Using Monte‐Carlo simulation, it is shown that the efficacy of a contingent tariff is substantially reduced as the number of firms declines because increasingly they absorb the tariff, and the procurement price and producer surplus do not increase to the extent that they do under perfect competition.     

Developing inter-organizational relationships with online travel agencies (OTAs) and the hotel industry

This research examines the relationship status of leading OTAs with the hotel industry in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region along with future trends in hotel distribution channels. A Delphi study was conducted with senior executives (n = 12) of leading OTAs to explore the inter-organizational relationship development between hotels and OTAs. Our results indicate that building a long-term sustainable relationship with the hotel industry requires OTAs to be innovative and capable of enhancing their value to hotels. Moreover, the future of the hotel distribution landscape in the APAC region is expected to become increasingly complex.     

How entrepreneurs leverage institutional intermediaries in emerging economies to acquire public resources

Research summary: Governments in emerging economies often use institutional intermediaries to promote entrepreneurship, and bridge the void between ventures and public funding. While prior literature describes what institutional intermediaries do, it leaves open how intermediaries support different types of entrepreneurs. By comparing science park and non‐science park firms in Beijing and across China, we distinguish which entrepreneurs benefit from certification versus capability‐building through the introduction of two new constructs: skill adequacy and context relevance. Broadly, our study adds insights at the nexus of emerging economies and entrepreneurship research, and to the tie formation and institutional intermediaries literatures. Managerial summary: A key dilemma facing entrepreneurs is how to finance their ventures. While entrepreneurs in developed economies can seek VC or angel investment, entrepreneurs in emerging economies often need to pursue potential government funding opportunities. Our study highlights three strategies for acquiring government funding. Well‐connected entrepreneurs can leverage their political ties to acquire such funding. Less‐connected entrepreneurs can leverage science parks that in emerging markets are designed to help governments to identify promising ventures. For returnees whose ample experience abroad may not fit with local ways of doing business, gaining science park admission can certify quality and so ease the path to government funding. For technically skilled local entrepreneurs who lack business skills, science parks can help build such skills, which then ease the path to government funding. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.