鄂尔多斯市黄河南岸灌区农业水价改革实例分析

以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市黄河南岸灌区农业水价改革为例,分析灌区农业水价改革的必要性和影响,并提出确定农业初始水权,构建农业水价形成机制,建立农业用水精准补贴和节水奖励机制以及健全完善灌区量水设施等改革措施。     

Mitigating rice production risks from drought through improving irrigation infrastructure and management in China

Rice, China's most important food crop, is highly dependent on irrigation, but an increasing number of extreme drought events have challenged rice production in many regions. This paper investigates the role of local irrigation infrastructure in improving farmers' ability to respond to drought and its effectiveness in mitigating the drought risk in rice production in China. The analysis relies on a moment‐based specification of the stochastic production function, capturing mean, variance and skewness effects. Using household survey data from 86 villages in five provinces, we jointly estimate farmers' adaptive irrigation decisions and their effects on rice yield and production risk. Our econometric analyses show that irrigation infrastructure in villages contributes to enhancing farmers' irrigation capacity in adapting to drought, and increased irrigation leads to a significant increase in mean yield and a reduction in exposure to risk as well as downside risk in rice production. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

The impact of water scarcity on food,bioenergy and deforestation

We evaluate the impact of explicitly representing irrigated land and water scarcity in an economy‐wide model with and without a global carbon policy. The analysis develops supply functions of irrigable land from a water resource model for 282 river basins and applies them within a global economy‐wide model. The analysis reveals two key findings. First, explicitly representing irrigated land has a small impact on global food, bioenergy and deforestation outcomes. This is because this modification allows irrigated and rainfed land to expand in different proportions, which counters the effect of rising marginal costs for the expansion of irrigated land. Second, changes in water availability have small impacts on global food prices, bioenergy production, land use change and the overall economy, even with large‐scale (c. 150 exajoules) bioenergy production, due in part to endogenous irrigation and storage responses. However, representing water scarcity and changes in water availability can be important regionally, with relatively arid areas and/or areas with rapidly growing populations fully exhausting our estimated maximum irrigation capacity that allows for improved irrigation efficiency, lining of canals to limit water loss, and expanding storage to fully capture average annual water flows.     

国外农业现代化和农村水利建设经验对我国的启示

［目的］通过分析国外一些发达国家农业现代化以及农村水利建设情况以期对我国的发展提供相应的借鉴。［方法］文章主要采用案例分析法,对以色列、日本、美国和欧盟等国家（地区）农业现代化建设进行了分析。［结果］研究发现这些国家（地区）在农业现代化和农村水利建设中完善了相关法律制度,制定并实施了一系列支持现代化农业发展的政策,加大了节水灌溉等技术的投入力度,为现代化农业的发展奠定了坚实基础。［结论］提出我国要提高水资源利用效率,以法律形式明确中央和地方农田水利的相关责任划分,规范农田水利投入机制,逐步改善传统农业用水方式,提高我国水利智能化等措施来实现农村水利现代化。     

遥感提取灌溉耕地的特征优选以中国北方为例

目的 区域尺度的灌溉耕地空间分布信息是相关研究和管理的重要基础数据。中国的灌溉农业面积居全球第二位,但目前灌溉空间分布制图相对缺乏,且多依赖人工调查,利用遥感技术进行区域灌溉耕地制图成为未来发展趋势。针对目前对我国灌溉耕地特征参量研究不足、难以描述灌溉耕地优势特征的空间差异性的缺陷,更好指导未来灌溉耕地制图。方法 文章以高精度遥感产品作为真值,在对已有研究选用的分类参量进行统计分析的基础上,选取年降水、高程、坡度、地表水分指数和归一化植被指数作为不同类型特征参量的代表,通过单变量特征选择算法Select K Best,对我国北方不同地区的灌溉/雨养耕地的优势参量进行了系统分析,并针对主要问题提出了解决思路。结果 研究结果显示,不同地区的优势特征类别呈现较大的地域差异,一些新特征被发现较常用的参量更有效;不同地区所呈现的特征优势原因各异。耕地基础禀赋、地理条件和灌溉结果三者互相关联,共同影响灌溉耕地空间信息提取的精度。结论 耕地基础禀赋和灌溉结果最终归因于地理条件,地理条件是未来灌溉耕地制图中需要优先重点考虑的特征参量。     

吉林省西部半干旱区玉米节水高产高效研究

吉林省西部半干旱区在乾安和前郭县选用15hm2耕地采用滴灌灌溉、地膜覆盖、大垄双行、高产品种、合理施肥等一系列综合配套技术,变雨养农业为雨养农业和设施农业相结合的现代农业,达到了节水、高产、高效的目的。     

2014—2019年青铜峡灌区入黄干沟水质时空分布及污染源解析

目的 为了解黄河中上游青铜峡灌区入黄干沟水质时空变化特征,揭示典型污染物来源及空间分布。方法 文章针对2014—2019年灌区12条入黄干沟水体中总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、化学需氧量（COD）与高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）浓度的时空变化规律进行探究,并采用输出系数法揭示灌区污染物来源。结果 （1）时间尺度上,研究期间入黄干沟整体水质为Ⅳ至劣V类,氨氮和总磷浓度超标严重,受灌溉影响,污染物浓度在非灌溉期高于灌溉期;（2）空间分布上,12条干沟的污染物浓度沿黄河水流方向呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,银古公路桥附近的银新干沟、中干沟、永二干沟污染较为严重（劣V类）;（3）污染物来源上,灌区总磷入河负荷主要来自面源污染（占比86.7%）,集中在青铜峡市、贺兰县与平罗县,氨氮入河负荷主要来自点源污染（占比66.8%）,COD入河负荷点源和面源分别占比48.1%和51.9%,集中在银川市区和利通区。结论 青铜峡灌区入黄干沟治理应重点关注银新干沟、中干沟和永二干沟,严格控制冬季点源排放是灌区干沟水质提升的关键,种植源污染防控优先考虑青铜峡市、贺兰与平罗县,畜禽养殖源污染防控优先考虑利通区,城镇生活源污染防控优先考虑银川市区。     

Non–Market Interventions in Water–Sharing:Case Studies from West Bengal, India

This paper deals with two issues that are important areas of concern in the recent literature on water management in less–developed countries: forms of ownership of groundwater resources and alternatives to anarchy in the exploitation and use of groundwater. The emergence of a market for irrigation water has been argued to have the potential to provide irrigation water to large numbers of small cultivators in developing countries. The development of free markets for water, however, has also been shown to be associated with the emergence of 'water–lords' and with contracts for the purchase and sale of water that are biased against the poor. By contrast, this paper presents two examples of viable non–market interventions in water–sharing – regulation of water markets by village councils and cooperative tubewell groups – from villages in West Bengal, India. These interventions both improved the efficiency of water–use and represented relatively equitable arrangements for water–sharing.     

自主管理灌排区在我国的应用与思考

本文围绕自主管理灌排区这一新兴的灌溉管理制度,阐述了其管理理念,介绍了其组织结构及其相应的功能,从管理学原理的角度对自主管理灌排区域进行了理论分析,从新制度经济学的角度对新旧灌溉管理制度进行了比较分析,论述了传统灌溉管理制度存在的问题,探讨了建立自主管理灌排区的必要性并说明了自主管理灌排区在提高用水农户积极性、提高灌区工程的维护和管理以及提高水费收取率方面所具有的优势,同时指出了自主管理灌排区在我国的实践过程中存在的一系列问题,并提出了相应的建议。