剩余劳动力及其转移问题的探讨

我国全面建设小康社会的关键是“三农”问题。而“三农”问题的难点在于农业剩余劳动力转移。要想使我国农业剩余劳动力顺利转移。首先必须明确农业剩余劳动力的概念，然后找出影响农业剩余劳动力转移的制约因素，只有这样才能对症下药，提出我国农业剩余劳动力转移的对策。     

对我国劳动争议仲裁制度的再思考

劳动争议仲裁在劳动争议处理中有其特殊地位,这要求它必须贯彻独立性和专业性的原则。借鉴国外的经验,我国的劳动争议仲裁机构首先应该扩大劳动争议处理的范围,把因利益争议而产生的纠纷纳入到仲裁的受理范围中来;其次,劳动争议仲裁机构应当摆脱行政化的色彩,实现劳动争议仲裁委员会组成的“三方代表性”;最后,在劳动争议仲裁人员的选拔和任命方面应该提高其专业水平和选拔标准。只有这样才能及时有效地处理我国现阶段频发的劳动争议,从而实现劳动关系的稳定。     

结构转化、资本深化与农业劳动生产率提高——以上海为例的研究

本文集中分析农业劳动生产率提高的影响因素及影响机理,为此采用逻辑分析方法推演出"结构转化和资本深化是农业劳动生产率提高的基本方式"的结论。实证研究也显示,上海农业劳动生产率的优势主要源于其在结构转化和资本深化方面的优势,产业之间和产业内部的结构转化、农业内部和农业外部的资本深化确实提升了上海的农业劳动生产率,由此可引申出关于其他省区未来农业持续快速发展的若干政策建议。     

对马克思劳动价值论的再认识

深化对马克思劳动价值理论的认识应结合发生了重大变化的时代条件,全面认识价值创造主体、创造价 值的活劳动的范围以及劳动价值论中的工资组成等问题,并相应调整我国现阶段的工资政策。     

中国劳动要素配置扭曲程度的测量

本文测算了我国及省际的劳动力资源配置扭曲程度。全国总体劳动力配置扭曲程度、城乡劳动力扭曲程度大致呈现波浪式下降,城市内劳动力扭曲程度则呈现阶段性增加的态势,城乡劳动力扭曲是导致劳动力配置扭曲的主要因素;从全国劳动力配置扭曲贡献因素来看,各产业间劳动边际生产力的差异直接反映了劳动力资源配置扭曲,而各产业内部所形成的劳动资源扭曲在总体上具有消减作用;进一步观察各产业内和产业间的扭曲状况,可见第一、三产业内劳动力资源扭曲程度长期并不高,但近年来增加态势明显,第二产业扭曲程度较高,但有下降趋势,而部门间的扭曲程度则呈现缓慢增长特点。从省际来看,各省份总体和城乡劳动力扭曲程度呈下降趋势,而城市则呈现增加态势,在扭曲特点上,一方面存在收敛性特点,另一方面又存在东部、中部和西部地区差别。进一步将人力资本因素考虑进去,可以发现,我国劳动力资源配置扭曲程度会有所下降。通过上面的研究,可以得到一些有益的政策启示。     

设计地震作用取值对中心支撑钢框架抗震性能的影响

对基于抗震规范GB 50011和通则CECS 160抗震反应谱的中心支撑钢框架结构的设计地震作用进行了对比,在设计应力比基本一致的前提下,设计了4,10,20层中心支撑钢框架算例并进行了多遇、罕遇地震下的动力响应分析。根据用钢量、层间侧移角、支撑损伤等指标,给出了中心支撑钢框架结构设计地震作用取值的建议。     

产业转移特征及其与企业亏损、劳动力转移关系研究

本文采用比较分析方法,基于纺织业,纺织服装、鞋帽制造业和化学纤维制造业2001～2010年统计数据,分析产业转移特征与趋势,并进一步探讨与企业亏损及劳动力转移的关系。研究结论表明:(1)从2001～2010年10年来看,纺织业和纺织服装、鞋帽制造业由东部向中西部转移,而化学纤维制造业由中部向东西部转移;(2)从2001～2010年10年内不同时间阶段来看,纺织业等三大产业在2001～2004年间都由中西部向东部转移,2004年后纺织业和纺织服装、鞋帽制造业转为由东部向中西部转移,而化学纤维制造业2004年后由中部向东西部转移;(3)纺织业等三大产业转移特征与产业内企业亏损数量及劳动力转移是紧密相联系的。这些对于我们正确认识产业转移是我国工业化过程中的客观现象,以及只有加快产业有序转移,才有利于促进区域经济协调可持续发展,具有重要的现实意义。     

Geographic Differences in the Earnings of Economics Majors

Economics has been shown to be a relatively high-earning college major, but geographic differences in earnings have been largely overlooked. The authors of this article use the American Community Survey to examine geographic differences in both absolute earnings and relative earnings for economics majors. They find that there are substantial geographic differences in both the absolute and relative earnings of economics majors, even when controlling for individual characteristics such as age, education, occupation, and industry. They argue that mean earnings in specific labor markets are a better measure of the benefits of majoring in economics than simply looking at national averages.     

The labor wedge: MRS vs. MPN

Do fluctuations of the labor wedge, defined as the gap between the firm's marginal product of labor (MPN) and the household's marginal rate of substitution (MRS), reflect fluctuations of the gap between the MPN and the real wage or fluctuations of the gap between the real wage and the MRS? For many countries and most forcefully for the United States, fluctuations of the labor wedge predominantly reflect fluctuations of the gap between the real wage and the MRS. As a result, business cycle theories of the labor wedge should primarily focus on improving the household side of the labor market. Explanations of the labor wedge based on departures of the representative firm's MPN from the real wage are rejected by the data because the labor share of income is not strongly procyclical.     

The association of pain with labor force participation,absenteeism, and presenteeism in Spain

Abstract

Objectives:

The aims of this paper are to generate estimates of the association between the severity and frequency of pain in Spain and (i) labor force participation and workforce status and (ii) patterns of absenteeism and presenteeism for the employed workforce.

Methods:

Data are from the internet-based 2010 National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS). This survey covers both those who report experiencing pain in the last month as well as the no-pain population. An estimated 17.25% of adults in Spain report experiencing pain in the past month. A series of regression models are developed with the no-pain group as the reference category. The impact of pain, categorized by severity and frequency, is assessed within a labor supply framework for (i) labor force participation and (ii) absenteeism and presenteeism. Both binomial and multinomial logistic models are estimated.

Results:

The results demonstrate that severe and moderate pain has a significant, substantive, and negative association with labor force participation and, together with the experience of mild pain, a substantive impact on absenteeism and presenteeism within the employed workforce. Compared to no-pain controls, the strongest association is seen in the case of severe pain, notably severe daily pain and labor force participation (odds ratio 0.363; 95% CI: 0.206–0.637). The association of severe pain with labor force participation is also significant (odds ratio 0.356; 95% CI: 0.217–0.585). There is a clear gradient in the association of pain severity and frequency with labor force participation. The impact of pain is far greater than the potential impact of other health status measures (e.g., chronic comorbidities and BMI). Labor force participation is also adversely associated with pain experience. Persons reporting severe daily pain are far more likely not to be in the labor force (relative probabilities 0.339 vs 0.611). The experience of pain, notably severe and frequent pain, also outstrips the impact of other health status factors in absenteeism and presenteeism. In the former case, the odds ratio associated with severe daily pain is 16.216 (95% CI: 5.127–51.283), which contrasts to the odds ratio for the Charlson comorbidity index of 1.460 (95%CI: 1.279–1.666). Similar results hold for presenteeism. The contribution of moderate and mild pain to absenteeism and presenteeism is more marked than for labor force participation.

Conclusions:

The experience of pain, in particular severe daily pain, has a substantial negative impact both on labor force participation in Spain as well as reported absenteeism and presenteeism. As a measure of health status, it clearly has an impact that outstrips other health status measures. Whether or not pain is considered as a disease in its own right, the experience of chronic pain, as defined here, presents policy-makers with a major challenge. Programs to relieve the burden of pain in the community clearly have the potential for substantial benefits from societal, individual, and employer perspectives.