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41.
Esa Nummelin 《Revue internationale de statistique》2002,70(2):215-240
We develop a minimum amount of theory of Markov chains at as low a level of abstraction as possible in order to prove two fundamental probability laws for standard Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms:
1. The law of large numbers explains why the algorithm works: it states that the empirical means calculated from the samples converge towards their "true" expected values, viz. expectations with respect to the invariant distribution of the associated Markov chain (=the target distribution of the simulation).
2. The central limit theorem expresses the deviations of the empirical means from their expected values in terms of asymptotically normally distributed random variables. We also present a formula and an estimator for the associated variance. 相似文献
1. The law of large numbers explains why the algorithm works: it states that the empirical means calculated from the samples converge towards their "true" expected values, viz. expectations with respect to the invariant distribution of the associated Markov chain (=the target distribution of the simulation).
2. The central limit theorem expresses the deviations of the empirical means from their expected values in terms of asymptotically normally distributed random variables. We also present a formula and an estimator for the associated variance. 相似文献
42.
43.
应用皮带系统浇筑混凝土,极大的缓解了门机的工作压力,为仓面准备工作提供了充分的机械保证,提高了混凝土浇筑速度。移动式皮带在双岭汛前施工中的应用,彻底改变了施工单位在工期上被动局面,为年底厂房封顶的实现奠定了坚实的基础。 相似文献
44.
According to most classifications, Sub‐Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest presence of fragile states. In this paper we examine the relationship between fragility and poverty, suggesting that countries may become trapped in a vicious circle of fragility and low levels of wellbeing. We consider fragility as a continuum and begin by reviewing available measures. These show the high presence of fragility in Sub‐Saharan Africa and allow the more fragile countries to be identified. There is seen to be a strong association between fragility, poor growth performance, and lower wellbeing in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Building on the strong evidence for the two‐way relationship between economic growth and poverty, we present an analysis of how the vicious circle linking poorer welfare outcomes and fragility may be able to be broken. We argue that building successful institutions is key here, and this can be enabled by specific policy interventions that are both poverty reducing and productive. 相似文献
45.
We show that speed limit policy, a monetary policy strategy that focuses on stabilizing inflation and the change in the output gap, consistently outperforms flexible inflation targeting and flexible price level targeting in empirical medium‐scale DSGE models under discretionary policymaking. In contrast to small‐scale New Keynesian models, this welfare ranking of the targeting frameworks is not overturned when inflation dynamics are mostly backward‐looking. Importantly, the performance of the speed limit policy shows less sensitivity to its parameterization than other frameworks that target the inflation rate or the price level. 相似文献
46.
随着互联网和移动通讯技术的发展,支付领域风险范围、扩散速度、溢出效应程几何级数增长.为有效防范网络新型违法犯罪,保护人民群众财产安全和合法权益,中国人民银行相继发布了多项制度条例,全面推进个人账户分类管理.本文结合对商业银行账户分类管理专项调查结果,分析分类管理中存在的问题及原因,在此基础上,提出进一步改进个人银行账户... 相似文献
47.
股票期权制是一种长期有效的新型激励机制。本文深入探讨了股票期权制的涵义、激励作用 ,进一步分析了其在我国实践过程中存在的问题 ,进而指出了应对策略。 相似文献
48.
Daniele Tavani Peter Flaschel Lance Taylor 《International Review of Applied Economics》2011,25(5):519-538
We introduce the results of a non-parametric estimate of the US wage-Phillips Curve into a simplified version of the model of the wage-price spiral by Flaschel and Krolzig (2008). Making use of Okun’s law, the non-linearity in the wage inflation-employment relation translates into a non-linearity in the so-called ‘distributive curve’ of the economy. Exploiting the observed non-linearity in extending an otherwise standard demand-distribution model (Taylor 2004), we provide a dynamical analysis both in wage-led and profit-led effective demand regimes. In a profit-led scenario, shown to be the empirically relevant case for the US economy, there are two stable equilibria of Goodwin (1967) growth cycle type, identified as a stable depression and a stable boom, and a saddle-path stable equilibrium in between them. Both stable steady states are surrounded by trajectories that cycle counterclockwise around their basins of attraction. The obtained type of growth fluctuations can be verified by a long phase cycle estimation for the US economy using a method developed by Kauermann, Teuber and Flaschel (2008). 相似文献
49.
Emre Ozdenoren 《Journal of Economic Theory》2002,105(2):531-539
We define an opportunity act as a mapping from an exogenously given objective state space to a set of lotteries over prizes, and consider preferences over opportunity acts. We allow the preferences to be possibly uncertainty averse. Our main theorem provides an axiomatization of the maxmin expected utility model. In the theorem we construct subjective states to complete the objective state space. As in E. Dekel et al. (Econometrica, in press), we obtain a unique subjective state space. We also allow for preference for flexibility in some of the subjective states and commitment in others. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D81. 相似文献
50.