电影中的“视觉理论”探析

电影电视已经成为了我们日常生活中的一部分。然而只需稍加注意就会发现年轻性感的银幕美女比比皆是。英国女性主义电影理论家劳拉.穆尔维在她的《视觉快感和叙事性电影》中把精神分析引入女性主义电影研究。她对主流好莱坞叙事电影进行了批判性解读,对视觉快感理论进行了阐释。观众通过对银幕美女的观看能够得到快感,而且这种视觉快感不自觉地分裂为主动的/男性和被动的/女性。     

Token entrepreneurs: a review of gender,capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT

This article reviews the literature on gender and entrepreneurship in technology to explore individual and contextual factors maintaining the token status of women in this field. It examines how the intersection of gender and context influences participation rates in entrepreneurship, and suggests that the deeply embedded cultural and cognitive associations that frame both technology and entrepreneurship as masculine concepts create barriers for women when these contexts overlap. It offers a framework for research and practice that aids in the analysis of complex multi-level barriers that control access to the forms of capital necessary for initial and continued participation in technology entrepreneurship. Given calls for women to participate more fully in high-growth technology ventures, it highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by women in these contexts and the factors that systemically sustain them.     

Let Their Voices Be Seen: Exploring Mental Mapping as a Feminist Visual Methodology for the Study of Migrant Women

This article explores how mental mapping can be used as a critical methodology for feminist migration studies. In a case study of female marriage migrants who settle in rural areas in South Korea from other Asian countries, I attempt to develop mental mapping to supplement verbal interviews. Mental maps of hometowns and current neighborhoods drawn by my interviewees represent their geographical imaginations and complex identity negotiations that mirror the change in their social locations. In order to understand multilayered meanings embedded in the images and the way in which power relations existent between the researcher and the researched affect the map production, I suggest a critical reading of the maps. The article shows how a reflexive and intertextual reading makes a difference to the interpretation of the maps. It argues that the maps are not mere reflections of the women's cognition, but rather socially constructed texts through which their desires, emotions, feelings and internal contradictions are expressed and negotiated. My research suggests that mental mapping, if ethically performed and critically evaluated, has potential as a means to convey the unheard voices of the marginalized to diverse audiences.     

药物防治高危孕妇产后出血的临床疗效

目的探讨相关药物治疗高危孕妇产后出血的临床疗效。方法选取高危剖宫产及有产后出血因素的孕妇60例,随机分为3组。A组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上采用舌下含服米索前列醇片进行治疗;B组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上注射卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液250μg,C组孕妇分娩后在正常缩宫素的基础上加用缩宫素。比较3组患者的治疗效果。结果 A组与B组孕妇的产后出血率均小于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论米索前列醇片与卡前列素氨丁三醇注射液用于孕妇产后出血疗效较佳,安全有效。     

Are Men Always Picked Over Women? The Effects of Employment Equity Directives on Selection Decisions

This study replicates and extends previous work by Oppenheimer and Wiesner [1990, Sex discrimination: Who is hired and do employment equity statements make a difference? Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Personnel and Human Resources Division], and examined the effects of minority qualifications on hiring decisions, the effects of employment equity directives when minority candidates are less qualified and the effects of different types and strengths of employment equity directives on hiring decisions. The results indicate that when employment equity is in place, people are increasingly more likely to hire underrepresented group members, to the extent that they are more qualified. Men appear to be treated in a positively biased manner, and are more likely to be hired when they are less qualified. Women are less likely to be hired when they are under-qualified, and in the absence of employment equity directives or when there is a suggestion that women are underrepresented. Moreover, when␣employment equity directives are strengthened, there appears to be a subtle backlash for women but not for men. Eddy S. Ng is an assistant professor at Trent University. He was on faculty at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona in 2006–2007. Willi H. Wiesner is an associate professor at the DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University.     

MGNREGA in Tamil Nadu: A Story of Success and Transformation?

Social protection has emerged as a key driver of development policy at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. It is widely considered a ‘good thing’ that has the potential not only to alleviate poverty and vulnerability, but also to generate more transformative outcomes in terms of empowerment and social justice. Based on an ethnographic study of the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), India's flagship social protection policy, this paper takes a critical look at what this policy's ‘success’ consists of. The study was carried out in Tamil Nadu, a state widely presented as a ‘success’ in terms of MGNREGA's implementation, and describes who participates in the scheme and how success is understood and expressed at different social and bureaucratic levels. In terms of MGNREGA's outcomes, we conclude that the scheme is benefitting the poorest households – and Dalits and women in particular – especially in terms of providing a safety net and as a tool for poverty alleviation. But the scheme does more than that. It has also produced significant transformative outcomes for rural labourers, such as pushing up rural wage levels, enhancing low‐caste workers' bargaining power in the labour market and reducing their dependency on high‐caste employers. These benefits are not only substantial but also transformative in that they affect rural relations of production and contribute to the empowerment of the rural labouring poor. However, in terms of creating durable assets and promoting grassroots democracy, the scheme's outcomes are much less encouraging.     

女性身份的文化反省——论铁凝中篇小说“三垛”

以铁凝在上世纪八十年代中后期和九十年代中后期创作的三部中篇小说“三垛”《麦秸垛》（1986年）、《棉花垛》（1989年）和《青草垛》（1996年）为文本研究的对象,以八十年代中期勃兴的文化与文化寻根热为切入点,把作品中的女性形象置于中国传统文化和九十年代商品经济发展的大坐标系中,从而探讨女性与世界的关系,女性与男性的关系及女性与女性的关系,肯定了“性爱”的美好,“母性”的伟大,揭示了中国传统文化对女性人性的压抑和扭曲。同时,向我们提出了这样一个问题：女性的本原性问题。     

中国城市女性慈善参与的影响因素分析——以海西区部分城市为研究样本

以海西区部分城市女性慈善参与状况为样本，通过抽样问卷调查和实地访谈，调查了解女性的慈善意识状况和慈善参与典型实践，阐释分析影响城市女性慈善参与的社会层面因素、家庭层面因素和个人层面因素，以期为和谐构建中的城市女性慈善队伍的发展提供可能有益的参考。     

浅析肃南县开展妇女小额信贷的优势与困境

自中国实行小额信贷后不久,由于女性在借贷中的特有优势,使中国开始逐步推行妇女小额信贷。各地在初步尝试开展妇女小额信贷的过程中,会面临不同的问题。肃南县已形成良好的小额信贷基础,又具有重视女性的特有文化传统,再加上人际关系作用在借贷中对交易成本的节省,使肃南县在开展妇女小额信贷上具有一定的优势。但肃南县本身经济发展落后,金融生态环境较差以及金融知识的普及程度不高等因素也对该项信贷业务的发展形成阻碍。总体而言,肃南县开展妇女小额信贷的优势大于劣势。     

The impact of family life on work efficiency: a study of employed women from different occupational statuses in a metropolitan area in Turkey

The objective of this research was to investigate the family life of employed women from different occupational statuses (white collar, blue collar and professionals) on their work efficiency. The data were obtained from a survey of 300 randomly selected women who work in various offices, universities and factories in Ankara. The findings suggest that women in better conditions (high education, profession, etc.) experienced less negative spillover.