Fuera de las sombras: Clasificación de las economías por el grado y la intensidad de la informalización

Dado el predominio de la informalidad en el mundo, el autor propone una clasificación de los países según el grado y la intensidad de la misma, y no por la composición de su economía formal. A partir de datos de la OIT de 36 países en desarrollo, muestra que existe una correlación significativa entre el grado y la intensidad de la informalización en los países e indicadores sociales y económicos como el PIB per cápita, la corrupción, la pobreza, los impuestos y las cotizaciones sociales. Concluye destacando las aportaciones teóricas y de políticas del estudio.     

Acceso y uso de los mercados financieros para el pago de los gastos de la educación básica

The aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and the macroeconomic adjustment that followed provided higher unemployment and eroded the Mexican households’ purchasing power. Though, families had to continue financing education expenditures, sometimes borrowing in the formal or informal financial market. The hypothesis of this paper posits that access and use of formal and informal financial products can reduce the financial problems associated with basic school private expenditures. The probit model is estimated through a sample of four hundred households drawn from the municipality of San Pedro Cholula (state of Puebla). The results indicate that a worsening of working conditions and sudden unemployment are associated with an increased likelihood of difficulties in making ends meet. Moreover, accessing the formal financial market lessens the likelihood of such problems, but for the informal counterpart results depend on the characteristics of each financial intermediary.     

Access and use of financial markets for basic education expenses

As a result of the financial crisis of 2008, the macroeconomic adjustment has affected Mexican homes through greater unemployment and a drop in purchasing power. Moreover, families had to keep financing education costs, sometimes going into debt in the formal or informal financial market. The hypothesis of this article proposes that the access and use of formal and informal financial products makes it possible to reduce financial problems associated to education expenses at the basic education levels. The probit model is estimated with a sample comprised of four hundred homes in the municipality of San Pedro Cholula (state of Puebla). The results indicate that a worsening in the work conditions and the loss of employment are associated to a greater probability of facing financial difficulties. Likewise, the access to the formal financial market allows reducing the probability of facing these difficulties, whereas for the informal market the results are a function of the characteristics of each financial intermediary.     

Declaraciones institucionales y percepciones individuales sobre la sustentabilidad en escuelas de negocios mexicanas

The objective of this paper is to analyze how business schools of Mexican universities deal with the concept of sustainability as part of their educational task. In order to achieve a comprehensive vision, this study considers the environmental, the social, and the economic components of sustainability. After discussing the conceptual dimensions of education for sustainability, the empirical part of the paper consists of two sections: a content analysis of how official university documents handle the concept of sustainability and a survey of professors’ and students’ perceptions of sustainability. The analysis shows that both professors and students in the Management and Accounting disciplines need to extend their understanding about the economic and environmental aspects of sustainability. The results of this study provide information that can guide the efforts made by institutions of higher learning for training their professors and offering a comprehensive education for their students in all three components of sustainability.     

A minimum variance benchmark to measure the performance of pension funds in Mexico

We propose the use of the minimum variance portfolio as weighting method in a strategy benchmark for pension funds performance in Mexico. By performing three discrete event simulations with daily data from January 2002 to May 2013, we test this benchmark's weighting method against the Max Sharpe ratio one and a linear combination of both benchmarks (minimum variance and Max Sharpe). With the Sharpe ratio, the Jensen's alpha significance test and the Huberman and Kandel’ (1987) spanning test, we found that the three benchmarks have a statistically equal performance. By using Bailey's (1992) risk exposure, market representativeness and turnover benchmark quality criteria, we found that the min variance is preferable for the publicly traded Mexican defined contribution pension funds.     

区域集成创新模式探讨

区域集成创新路径选择应与区域经济发展特点相适应,区域集成创新模式影响区域经济发展的效率与质量。提高区域集成创新对区域经济发展的贡献度,一方面,可以选择与区域环境相适应的区域集成创新模式;另一方面,可以优化环境以适应特定的区域集成创新模式。     

从同构看循环群

循环群是一类重要的群,本文用同构作为工具可将所有的循环群都分为两类,一类与整数加群同构,另一类与模 n 的剩余类加群同构。而整数加群与模 n 的剩余类加群的构造我们是很熟悉的,这样我们也就了解了一切循环群。     

矿业信息资源管理模型的建立及其在Internet上的应用

为了对矿业领导决策提供辅助支持，本文从矿业信息资源的特点出发，通过对信息资源的类型、获取方式、压缩技术和检索技术等进行分析研究，建立了矿业信息资源管理模型。该模型可以根据需要以多种方式输出给用户，为矿业信息资源的开发 利用开辟了一条新的途径，同时也为我国矿业的网络化发展起到了推动作用。     

农业化学和地球化学与农业地质的几个问题

在对农业化学和地球化学的概念、关系进行了论述的基础上，提出了农业化学的实质是一个表生地球化学过程，以农业为目的的表生地球化学研究的理论基础是农业化学；指出了当前开展农业地质工作从农业化学与地球化学的关系出发必须注意的四个问题。     

汤旺河林区鸟类资源现状

1997—1999年调查结果显示，汤旺河林区现分布鸟类13目41科199种，其中古北界成分132种，东洋界成分10种，跨两界分布或尚未明确归属的广布种57种。全区鸟类中，侯鸟占68．4％，旅鸟占15．1％，留鸟占16．5％；国家重点保护鸟类5目7科34种，其中，国家一级保护鸟类2种。