DEFENDING THE INDEFENSIBLE? CULTURE'S ROLE IN THE PRODUCTIVE/UNPRODUCTIVE DICHOTOMY

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to reveal the justifications for different production boundaries historically. It finds that the boundaries were and are predicated on an untenable productive/unproductive dichotomy that was justified on select and shifting cultural norms. Furthermore, the production boundary informed other categories like labor, capital, income, and wealth. Hence, this article exposes the degree to which economic categories were and are unstable, fragile, contested, and culturally embedded constructs. It then explores feminist-inspired production boundaries based on third-person criterion and finds that these boundaries are likewise culturally contingent. However, these new production boundaries merely do what economics has always attempted to do, which is to theorize production under different cultural circumstances. This article reaffirms the mutually constitutive role of culture and economic categories.     

财政调控与国民收入预期

经济运行的正则性规定了经济因子之间的传递性,而固定替代弹性可以进一步给出这种传递性的精确测度.作为宏观调控的重要手段之一,政府的财政干预可以直接地作用于国民收入,从而导致国民收入向着预定的目标前进.然而,在以往的经济学范式（简称F函数）里,因为难以预测和计算潜在的国民收入水平,致使关于这种调控的真实效果难以得到精确的表示,甚至难以取得令人满意的近似.如今,经济学的范式进展到了有约束的利润函数（简称G函数）,它可以很容易地接受有关财政政策与市场因子的初始陈述,从而容易实现有关数学模型的建立,进而,借助正则定律和固定替代弹性定律,可以容易地揭示出财政政策调控与国民收入预期之间的基本关系,并给出精确的测度.     

民族精神及相关概念简析

民族精神是一个民族赖以生存和发展的精神支柱。把握民族精神的内涵,必须搞清楚民族精神与民族文化、民族意识、民族性格之间的关系。     

论施光南声乐作品中的乡国情怀

施光南声乐作品中蕴含着浓厚的乡国情怀,以爱国、爱党、爱人民为主题,符合中国人民的审美观。立足民族的创作观使他的作品充满民族特色,形成中西合璧、雅俗共赏的风格。歌唱时代的艺术追求使他的作品充满时代的进取气息。     

国防教育中的大学生心理问题及对策研究

国防教育应适应大学生身心发展特点。在大学生国防教育中应建构军训心理预警援助体系、军训心理危机预警干预体系,有效预防和解决国防教育中遇到的问题。     

“春蜂乐会”及其歌曲创作考

“春蜂乐会”是20世纪20年代中叶在杭州由钱君句发起成立的音乐创作团体,他们所创作的抒情歌曲是继青主、赵元任之后我国早期艺术歌曲创作的典范之作,是我国近代艺术歌曲创作的萌芽之一。钱君句及“春蜂乐会”的歌曲创作,无论从内容还是形式来看,在当时都属于一个崭新的音乐世界,为弘扬中国新音乐文化做出了卓越的贡献,中国音乐的发展历史不应该忘记他们。     

Long- versus short-term orientation: new perspectives

Long- versus short-term orientation, a national value dimension originally found by Bond among students in 23 countries, became Hofstede's (1991 Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and organizations: software of the mind, London: McGraw-Hill.  [Google Scholar]) fifth dimension of national cultures. Recent analyses by Minkov (2007 Minkov, M. 2007. What makes us different and similar: a new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural data, Sofia: Klasika i Stil.  [Google Scholar]) of World Values Survey data, collected from representative samples of national populations, allow the calculation of a new version of this dimension, this time across 93 countries. National scores on the dimension correlate with certain family values, with school results, with business values, with environmental values and, under favorable historical conditions, with economic growth. In 1988 the dimension scores led to a prediction of China's economic success. The new scores allow new predictions for economic developments in different parts of the world.     

Indicators for an Environmental Assessment of Tourism at National Level

The paper first places the research within the context of international initiatives of developing environmental indicators for the tourism sector: indicator frameworks, data constraints and communication needs, national versus local approaches and indicator development procedures. The question of data availability, collection and processing is often undermined, and the national scale is the most relevant to analyse tourism driving forces and tourism/transport interrelationships. The main results of the French national assessment, led by the French Institute for the Environment in 1999–2000, are then presented, from the driving forces of environmental impacts (such as spatial and temporal concentrations, or the evolution of tourism demand as regards to the environment) to environmental impacts at national and destination level. French mobility patterns are dominated by road transport; they are moving towards shorter stays and more frequent departures, which lead to a high impact situation. The accommodation capacity is strongly marked by secondary homes, which imply more constructions (and more space consumption) for the same number of stays. Environmental management initiatives, from public and private stakeholders, are still unable to counter these long-term trends.     

Tourism and Afro-Antillean Identity in Panama

Throughout its history as a nation, Panama has emphasised its Spanish roots. Having become a postcolonial state, Panama now exploits its multiculturalism for the purpose of attracting tourists. In this context, Afro-Antilleans in the Archipelago of Bocas del Toro – historically marginalised and considered temporary migrants – are developing gendered and racialised identities for tourist consumption, in response to the state's tourism promotion and in pursuit of a complex cultural politics. Tourism provides an occasion for Afro-Antilleans to reposition themselves within the Panamanian nation, vis-à-vis the state and other ethnic groups. ‘Panamanian’ Afro-Antillean identities are also transnational, African and Caribbean; these constructions of difference in the touristic context are inevitably contradictory, at once national and diasporic. This paper explores these complexities and their complex origins: nationalism, regional and trans-Atlantic migration, and tourism. It concludes that so-called globalisation, in this setting, results in a proliferation of conflicting differences rather than in homogenisation.     

Sights of sites: picturing heritage,power and exclusion

This paper explores the visual representations used to illustrate, promote and communicate a particular idea of heritage in the tourism literature, which provides an instance within which to examine the material consequences of a dominant discourse. This examination takes place within the context of current New Labour policy initiatives, which have put forward a new role for heritage, both in terms of the touristic experiences it can provide and as an instrumental tool for social inclusion and civic engagement. It is argued in this paper that these consciously designed objectives have also opened up a conceptual space within which images of heritage are drawn upon to undertake a course of ideological work that affectively reaffirms and legitimizes the cultural symbols of an elite social group as a consensual representation of national heritage.