Embedded Enclaves: Cultural Mimicry and Urban Social Exclusion in Iran

This article argues that symbolic boundaries and their spatial manifestation into embedded enclaves have become new forms of urban social exclusion. Based on participant observation and interviews among lower‐ and middle‐/upper‐class residents in the city of Sari, Iran, the article analyzes how the poor's physical circulations in the city and their performances of class and status have led to an elite backlash, as the latter find more refined markers of social separation in an effort to bolster their own exclusivity. Social distancing through the denigration of the poor and the construction of embedded enclaves brings to the fore the class tensions that are temporarily masked by the urban poor's spatial practices and cultural mimicry. As an advanced form of codified status inequality, embedded enclaves rely on the poor's citywide circulations and on increasing inter‐class interactions in order to communicate difference. Embedded—rather than cordoned off—in prominent areas of the city, such enclaves function as a reminder to the poor of all they cannot have. The upsurge of such establishments in the wake of Iran's shifting economic environment represents an attempt to shore up social position and restore the status quo.     

BEYOND THE STARS

It is frequent to hear in economic seminars or read in academic papers that an effect is economically significant or economically important. Yet, the economic literature is vague on what economic importance means and how it should be measured. In this paper, I show that existing measures of economic importance are flawed and misused. I derive a new metric that measures, in percentage terms, the contribution of each explanatory variable to deviations in the dependent variable, ceteris paribus. As an illustration, the method is applied to study the determinants of migration and the determinants of fertility.     

SOCIALLY ENGAGED MUNICIPAL STATECRAFT IN URBAN CHINA? The Shenzhen Biennale as Situated Planning Experiment

In this article I build on scholarship that calls for attention to the interventionist role of the municipality in steering development beyond growth to introduce the situated planning experiment as a mechanism through which municipalities practice socially engaged statecraft. The situated planning experiment foregrounds place-based innovative planning practices that incorporate the participation of citizen intellectuals who act as advocates for marginalized groups in China. I frame the Shenzhen UrbanismArchitecture Biennale (UABB) as a situated planning experiment, tracing its influence on the municipality's shift in approach to planning for urban village redevelopment. I show how the UABB is leveraged as an instrument for the municipality to connect social and economic objectives in development and how it presents differentiated opportunities for migrant residents to make viable urban lives. The article offers one possibility for theorizing the changing relationship between municipal entrepreneurialism and urban planning and critically evaluates the potential for socially engaged municipal statecraft, considering the Xi regime's focus on people-oriented urbanization. It represents one way in which studies of municipal statecraft can consider the variegated logics and forms of emerging post-growth state programmes and politics.     

表上作业法和Matlab求解土方调配方案的比较

论述了表上作业法和以线性规划理论为基础的Matlab软件求解土方调配方案两种方法,通过具体事例分析,用Matlab软件求解的调配方案跟用表上作业法求得的土方调配方案是一样的,但用Matlab软件确定土方调配方案不仅速度快而且运算结果也比较精确。合理的确定土方调配方案可以缩短工期、降低成本,提高建设项目的经济效益。     

人口规模、经济增长与碳排放:经验证据及国际比较

根据国际能源署（IEA）公布的1971—2008年碳排放数据,探讨中国与典型发达国家、发展中国家（G8＋5）人口规模、经济增长与碳排放变化的差异性。结果表明：随着GDP增长,中国碳排放快速增长,人均碳排放已超过世界平均水平;单位GDP碳排放持续降低,但依然高于世界平均水平。利用秩相关系数检验人均GDP与单位GDP碳排放,发现7个发达国家均呈显著下降趋势,发展中国家南非、中国呈显著下降趋势,巴西、印度、墨西哥呈上升趋势但并不显著;人均GDP与人均碳排放秩相关系数表明,7个发达国家中,美国、法国、德国、英国呈显著下降趋势,加拿大呈不显著上升趋势,日本、意大利呈显著上升趋势;5个发展中国家处于工业化快速发展阶段,能源消费急剧增加,随着人均GDP增长,人均碳排放均呈显著上升趋势。基于此,归纳出世界主要发达国家和发展中国家人口增长、经济增长与碳排放变动的三种模式。     

我国城市居民最低生活保障标准的影响因素与效应研究

近年来,我国各地城市居民最低生活保障标准不断提升.本文利用我国36个城市1998-2005年的面板数据,分析影响城市居民最低生活保障标准动态变迁的经济、政治和社会因素及其影响效应,结果显示:城市居民最低生活保障制度是最低生活保障而非基本生活保障;"低保"标准并未有效地缩小贫富差距;"低保"标准对贫困者就业意愿具有较弱的负效应.针对上述问题,笔者提出建议:对应经济社会的发展动态提高标准、施行分层梯度式"低保"标准以及建立互动支持系统,促进"低保"受益者就业.     

创新型城市的文化识别研究

所谓"创新型城市",意味着城市在发展中产生出区别于自身历史的新质和区别于一般城市的特质;创新型城市必须具备独有的文化识别体系。城市文化是创新型城市建设的最广泛的基础。创新型城市的文化识别是城市文化主体自觉追求和活动的客观结果,创新型城市需要明确定位、全面展开,才有可能逐步实现。     

分析广州快速公交系统建设

在分析快速公交系统基本要素的基础上,结合国内外成功经验,提出广州快速公交系统的定位。肯定广州快速公交系统的积极作用在于短期内缓解大城市交通拥挤问题,提出其隐患在于该系统与城市土地的合理利用的矛盾、与其它公交方式的合理衔接、技术保障能否实现等。     

银川市湿地现状与保护

湿地不仅是生物多样性的载体,具有重要的环境调节功能,在抵御洪涝、改变径流时空分布、涵养水源、保持水土、降解污染等方面具有其它系统不可替代的作用,其本身还具有很高的美学价值,尤其是城市中的湿地,对城市生态环境维系以及为人们提供游憩场所等方面更具有重要作用。但城市的不断拓展,造成了湿地面积缩小,使其失去了生态功能,制约着城市的健康发展。     

东北老工业基地大城市社会空间的问题及治理

立足于东北老工业基地的宏观视角,分析了大城市社会空间发展演化的主要特征,并对当前社会空间发展存在的问题进行了深刻的剖析,从重构途径、政府职能、城市规划等角度,提出了治理大城市社会空间的对策。