Forward-neutral valuation relationships for options on zero coupon bonds

This paper extends the literature on Risk-Neutral Valuation Relationships (RNVRs) to derive valuation formulae for options on zero coupon bonds when interest rates are stochastic. We develop Forward-Neutral Valuation Relationships (FNVRs) for the transformed-bounded random walk class. Our transformed-bounded random walk family of forward bond price processes implies that (i) the prices of the zero coupon bonds are bounded below at zero and above at one, and (ii) negative continuously compounded interest rates are ruled out. FNVRs are frameworks for option pricing, where the forward prices of the options are martingales independent of the market prices of risk. We illustrate the generality and flexibility of our approach with models that yield several new closed-form solutions for call and put options on discount bonds.     

Who Receives Medicaid in Old Age? Rules and Reality

Medicaid is a government programme that also provides health insurance to the elderly who have few assets and either low income or catastrophic health care expenses. We ask how the Medicaid rules map into the reality of Medicaid recipiency, and we ask what other observable characteristics are important to determine who ends up on Medicaid. The data show that both singles and couples with high retirement income can end up on Medicaid at very advanced ages. We find that, conditioning on a large number of observable characteristics, including those that directly relate to Medicaid eligibility criteria, single women are more likely to end up on Medicaid – so are non‐white people, but, surprisingly, their higher recipiency is concentrated in the higher income percentiles. We also find that people with low incomes who have a high‐school diploma or higher degree are much less likely to end up receiving Medicaid than their less‐educated counterparts. All of these effects are large and depend on retirement income in a very non‐linear way.     

The effect of tax avoidance crackdown on corporate innovation

To constrain the use of intangible assets in tax-motivated state income shifting, many U.S. state governments adopted addback statutes. Addback statutes reduce the tax benefits that firms can gain from creating intangible assets such as patents. Using a sample of U.S. public firms, we examine the effect of addback statutes on corporate innovation behavior. First, the adoption of addback statutes leads to a 4.77 percentage point decrease in the number of patents and a 5.12 percentage point decrease in the number of patent citations. Second, the “disappearing patents” resulting from addback statutes have significant economic value. Third, after a state adopts an addback statute, a firm with material subsidiaries in that state assigns fewer patents to subsidiaries in zero-tax states, whereas the number of patents assigned to the other states does not change. Overall, our findings suggest that addback statutes impede corporate innovation.     

基础养老金统筹层次的收入再分配效应

推动基本养老保险由省级统筹向全国统筹过渡是我国现阶段社会保障制度改革的重心,对于实现经济的公平高效发展具有重要意义。为此,选取2006—2017年全国31个地区的面板数据,以基础养老金省级统筹过渡到全国统筹后,不同地区及不同收入群体间的收入再分配效应为研究对象,从统支视域出发,采用渐进式计发办法预测2041年统筹层次提升后,各地区不同收入群体的基础养老金待遇水平,并结合泰尔指数和离散系数进行比较静态分析,结果发现：养老金统筹层次提升存在着显著的收入再分配效应,但各地区养老金待遇差距与其经济发展水平并无必然联系。     

基于公共选择视角的“灰色收入”防控机制创新

灰色收入即为非法收入及其他来源不明的收入,具有参与范围扩大化、标的形式多样化、实地操作隐蔽化、实现标准奢侈化、实现手段智能化等趋势特点。产生原因有法律缺失、教育缺位、监管失严、权力信息不明等,对应的防控措施有严格法律界定、加强生活圈管理、加强多方监管、推进收入和财产公示等。     

浅析现金流量信息与会计收益信息

现金流量信息由于本身的客观性、可靠性,能够弥补传统会计收益评价指标的不足,提供更有价值更为相关的信息,直接反映企业的偿债能力、获利能力、财务弹性,进而判断企业的财务状况,评估企业经营绩效。但现金流量信息并不是万能的,传统的会计收益信息也有其可取之处。在动态中把握现金流量信息与会计收益信息的结合才是企业经营业绩评价指标的正确选择。     

对构建我国所得税会计准则相关问题的探讨

构建高质量的所得税会计准则既要考虑所得税会计准则国际化的策略,又要注意协调与相关会计标准的关系.论文在对所得税事项的实质及其财务影响进行剖析的基础上,探讨了我国所得税会计准则的目标、原则;在对相关因素进行分析、权衡的基础上,对所得税会计准则的定位、会计方法选择提出明确意见.这些问题不仅涉及所得税会计准则的主要内容,而且关系到所得税会计准则的质量.