Consumer motivation for the decision to boycott: The social dilemma

This study suggests a rational framework to explain consumers’ decision to boycott. We proposed an instrumental boycott framework based on rational response to the offending behaviour of a target company. The hypotheses embedded within the research model are empirically evaluated. The data were collected by questionnaire survey, and structural equation modelling was utilized for data analysis. The results show that social factors (message credibility, expected overall participation and perceived boycott effectiveness) generate motivations for consumers’ boycott decisions. In addition, it is identified that these factors increase consumers’ perceived likelihood of boycott success. Further, it is also found that consumers' perceived likelihood of boycott success positively affect their boycott decision via the possibility of changing a target company's offending behavior and unwillingness to purchase the target company's products. The results of this study explain consumers’ instrumental boycott decision‐making process in terms of social dilemma. Further, this study provides practical contributions for understanding consumers’ rational boycott behaviour. Specific implications for marketing managers and boycott organizations are outlined in the general discussion. Suggestions for future research are also presented in the conclusion.     

Effects of social support and grateful disposition on employees’ psychological well-being

This study proposes grateful disposition as an individual affective factor affecting service employees’ psychological well-being. Grateful disposition is the tendency to recognize and appreciate the contributions of others as positive experiences or to experience gratitude easily. To analyze the relationship between emotional dissonance and psychological well-being and the moderating effect of social support and grateful disposition, hierarchical regression analysis was used. Using convenience sampling from department store employees (n?=?239) in Korea, this study found that grateful disposition as well as social support moderated the relationship between emotional dissonance and psychological well-being. This study demonstrates the importance of individual affective traits affecting psychological well-being, which were overlooked in the previous studies, and provides an opportunity to discuss grateful disposition in service marketing.     

Not All Empathy Is Equal: How Dispositional Empathy Affects Charitable Giving

Motivations for prosocial behavior have been explored in diverse ways. Empirical research suggests that empathy is an important motive for prosocial behavior. Building upon previous studies, in this article the authors hypothesize that charitable giving is distinctively affected by different components of dispositional empathy, including empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress. Using the 2008–2009 wave of American National Election Studies data set, this study examines the impact of these three components of dispositional empathy on probability and amount of giving to various charitable causes. The results support the authors’ hypotheses that the three components of dispositional empathy are associated with charitable giving in different ways. In particular, empathic concern consistently stimulates the likelihood and amount of giving. The effects of perspective taking and personal distress are mixed. The results offer several direct implications for fundraisers and nonprofit organizations in crafting effective fundraising appeals.     

Organizational Learning in Project‐Based Companies: A Process Thinking Approach

Although a traditional project model is clearly useful for laying out the patterns of relationships surrounding a project, it does not provide the temporally embedded accounts that enable us to understand how organizational learning takes place. The process thinking perspective offers a means to solving this problem. This article provides an analysis of how different processes interact dynamically in order to benefit project‐based companies' organizational learning. Two findings from this study are: (1) organizational learning is a dynamic concept that emphasizes the continually changing nature of a project‐based company and (2) sensemaking and negotiation of meaning are ongoing processes in project‐based companies.     

Making sense of New Zealand’s ‘spirit of service’: social identity and the civil service

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the creation a more unified civil service in New Zealand with the Public Service Act 2020, which promotes the most profound changes to the public service since New Zealand’s New Public Management heyday in the late 1980s. Among its many reforms is an explicit attempt to foster a unified culture around a ‘spirit of service to the community’—a construct without fixed definition that appears to incorporate ideas of motivations and ethics. This paper shows that this unified culture can be traced through a series of key collaborative discussions that have taken place among New Zealand’s public sector chief executives. The authors present a case study to show how these collaborations contributed to a new social identity, and provided a foundation for a civil service unified by its spirit of service to the community. The paper contributes to this PMM theme by providing empirical evidence from the latest New Zealand experience; and also contributes to theory of social identity and sensemaking in creating civil service values.     

Firm and industry as determinants of executive perceptions of the environment

This study examines variation in top executives' environmental perceptions within firms and within industries. More specifically, we investigate how industry and organizational membership affect top executives' perceptions of five environmental attributes. Results indicate that significant homogeneity of perceptions exists within firms and also within industries. Approximately 40 percent of the variance in individual top-level executives' perceptions of aspects of their respective organization's environment is explained by their organizational and industry membership. Implications of the findings for strategic management and organization theory and for future research are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Difference a Smile Makes: Effective Use of Imagery by Children’s Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT

Which emotions are most appealing to donors in nonprofit outreach materials? Previous studies have shown that in print and television materials, images depicting negative emotions lead to increases in donor response. In this study, we examined whether images of negative affect in children in social media appeals lead to increased information sharing compared to positive or neutral images of children. We analyzed Facebook posts from 2016 from 2 large children’s nongovernmental organizations, UNICEF USA and Save the Children US, and examined the relationship between the type of emotion in the image and the number of likes, comments, and shares that the post received. We found differences in the responses according to the organization sending the message and the affect of the children depicted. For Save the Children US, negative images, specifically sad and fearful images, generated significantly more likes, shares, and comments. For UNICEF USA, there was no difference in information sharing for positive, neutral, or negative images. Findings from this study demonstrate that negative emotional imagery of children can affect social media engagement with nongovernmental organizations, but this effect appears to be inconsistent.     

Unlocking the careers of business professionals following job loss: sensemaking and career exploration of older workers

While acknowledging the well established negative aspects of job loss, we present an alternative perspective by exploring the potentially positive outcomes of losing one's job. Drawing on an in depth analysis of qualitative data gathered from thirty interviews with older middle managers in Canada, we explore the mechanisms through which job loss is experienced as a “blessing in disguise”. We consider how individuals make sense of their experience of job loss and how they use career exploration in their framing of job loss and as an opportunity for self‐fulfillment. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风景园林“立意”内涵、表达方式及 审美中达意标准的探析

目前对园林“立意”中部分问题的认识仍存在争议和模糊之处。研究结合传统美学、艺术理论及审美心理学，对园林立意的内涵、表达方式和达意的标准等问题进行了深入分析。园林创作中“立意”实指“创立审美‘意象’”，所立之“意象”包含“意”(情感、思想)与“象”(形象、景象)两部分，二者在审美中是高度融合、不可分离解析的整体。园林“立意”主要由山水等园林语汇“象征性”表达，又辅以其他艺术门类的语汇外化。在园林审美中达到“意会”的理解层次即算“达意”。     

Pay-what-you-want in groups – evidence from a field experiment

Pay-what-you-want (PWYW) mechanisms are a specific form of voluntary market payment. While a large number of recent studies have considered their design options, the aspect of group behaviour in PWYW situations has not been investigated, although a substantial part of payment decisions occur in group constellations. We provide initial evidence by running a field experiment implementing a PWYW mechanism in a cinema characterized by group attendance, finding that groups chose to pay similar amounts as individuals. Group payments can be increased by a prosocial framing of the decision, while an increase in group size and repeated participation reduce voluntary payments. We thus show that group payment decisions in PWYW situations are characterized by altruism concerns rather than in-group egoism.