新冠疫情下企业商誉减值及减值信息披露问题探究——以力源信息为例

以2020年新冠疫情下爆出重大商誉减值的力源信息为企业案例,通过分析其巨额商誉减值的深层原因及该上市公司在处理时存在的信息披露问题,研究新冠疫情下上市公司出现的商誉减值及信息披露。研究发现:我国上市公司会有商誉估值泡沫放大、盈余管理可能性上升、信息披露更具复杂性以及资本市场股票环境不稳定4个问题。最后,针对会计准则修订、外部审计、上市公司内控三方面,提出了添加商誉摊销减值方式、限制商誉规模、审计联系企业行业特征、加强上市公司内部控制的建议。     

频繁并购重组与异常审计收费

以2012—2017年A股上市公司为样本,采用异常审计费用衡量审计师对上市公司频繁并购重组的风险溢价,探究企业频繁并购重组与审计师风险溢价收费的关系,研究发现企业频繁并购重组会导致审计师风险溢价提高。从商誉和盈余管理角度探究其路径机制发现,商誉和真实盈余管理是频繁并购重组导致更高审计师风险溢价两个重要中介变量,而应计盈余管理并没有发挥中介作用,即频繁并购重组企业操纵利润的手段倾向于采用真实盈余管理,而非应计盈余管理。     

对商誉的再探讨

商誉是无形资产中最为特殊的组成内容，过去人们封其性质和构成有不同的看法。在知识经济时代的今天，无形资产的性质和范畴认识得到深入，商誉的构成内容与无形资产的泉多组成内容有很多相同之处，商誉的实质就是多项未入账无形资产的总和。商誉的确认与计量问题也就转换为对企业自创无形资产的确认与计量，知识经济下应确认和计量对描述企业财务状况起关键作用的自创无形资产。但在不确定和充满风险的经济环境下，应积极稳妥地确认自创无形资产。自创无形资产的计量可按不同特点选择采用成本基础定价法、市场基础定价法、经济定价法。     

商誉会计理论的发展和对我国会计准则的影响

商誉是一项无形资产,也是最难以计量和进行账务处理的一项特殊资产。近几年,美国和国际会计准则委员会发布了关于商誉理论的新方法,对商誉会计理论的发展提出了挑战。文章从商誉的定义和本质入手,引出关于商誉的处理方法,对现行商誉会计理论进行反思,并提出对我国新会计准则的影响。     

浅论自创商誉的会计处理问题

自创商誉是商誉的一个重要组成部分,是指非购买的,企业在生产经营过程中,自行发展起来的商誉。传统的观点认为,确认自创商誉有悖于会计信息可靠性的质量特征、有悖于稳健性的会计原则。但笔者认为,在现代社会经济迅猛发展的情况下,传统的会计核算理论已经开始受到来自理论和实务的挑战,文章在对自创商誉确认的合理性进行分析的基础上,阐述了自创商誉会计处理的有关问题,包括:自创商誉价值的计算,自创商誉的摊销、披露及自创商誉会计发展的相关基础工作。     

BARGAINING AMONG FARMERS,GOODWILL, AND THE SUCCESS OF COOPERATIVES

A model of concessional bargaining among farmers explains the success (or lack thereof) of cooperative institutions in rural farm settings in the developing regions. Concessional bargaining in day‐to‐day interactions generates goodwill, which helps smoothen future dealings amongst farmers as well as with outside agents. In particular, we model the existence of goodwill amongst farmers as enhancing their ability to collectively bargain with an outside dealer that buys their farm produce. Results suggest that when dealing with each other, farmers offer higher concessions when the risk of loss or reversal in bargaining power is high; however, the level of concession is also influenced by the degree of reciprocity and parameters that affect bargaining surplus. Findings provide further insights over the success of cooperative institutions in rural farm settings where inter‐farmer goodwill dynamics determines the cooperative's bargaining outcomes. Specifically, when farmers generously reciprocate each other's goodwill gestures, it leads to better outcomes through increasing their cooperative reservation price. In contrast, when the degree of reciprocity is lower, or when the risk of bargaining power switching is higher, farmers extract more surplus from other farmers, and this also lowers the cooperative's bargaining outcomes and makes the cooperative arrangement unviable in the long term.     

新经济条件下应对自创商誉进行确认

目前多数国家对外购商誉予以确认,而对自创商誉不予确认,这主要是基于可靠性和稳健性的考虑。随着知识经济的到来,商誉特别是自创商誉在企业资产中的比重越来越大,确认自创商誉无论从促进会计理论发展,还是从提高会计信息质量、提高会计实务水平来看,都是十分重要的。经济的不断发展,使得会计界不得不重新确定一些新的会计确认标准,这为我们解决包括自创商誉的确认问题提供了现实的理论准备。     

关于商誉会计理论的思考

商誉是会计界所关注的一个焦点问题,历来倍受争议。本文从对商誉本有关质诸多观点的分析出发, 得出商誉的再定义。同时,针对理论界与实务界区别对待自创商誉与外购商誉的现状,也分析论证了两者的内在统一性,提出当前更应重视自创商誉问题研究的建议,并对自创商誉的计量及后续处理问题予以探讨,以期有助于商誉会计的整体协调发展并最终达成科学的共识。     

Examining the Patterns of Goodwill Impairments in Europe and the US

We examine the patterns of goodwill impairments in Europe and in the US over the period from 2006 to 2015, for a sample of more than 35,000 firm-year observations. We define the timeliness of goodwill impairments as the frequency of accounting impairments conditional to indications of economic impairments. We measure indications of economic impairment with three metrics: equity market value minus equity book value less than goodwill, market-to-book smaller than one and negative earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). Our research strategy leads us to draw very different conclusions than those in the recent EFRAG (2016) study. While median levels of goodwill on the books between US and European firms are relatively similar, we find several indications that US firms recognise timelier impairments, at least during 2008 and 2009, that is, the early years of the financial crisis. We further document that US impairers write down a much greater percentage of their beginning balance of goodwill than European impairers. During the financial crisis, the median level of impairment by US firms was 63% of opening goodwill in 2008 and 40% in 2009, whereas median European write-downs were only 6% and 7% of opening goodwill, respectively. Even though European firms are more likely to impair over multiple years, the cumulative impairments never come close to the level of US firms, be it in a single year or cumulative over multiple years. We also find that the frequency of accounting impairment is small compared to the number of firms presenting evidence of economic impairment: only 20–25% of firms recognise impairments depending on the measure of economic impairment. This has often been interpreted by academics as a sign of untimely write-offs. Accounting differences between US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Financial Reporting Standards are unlikely to explain our results. One caveat of our analysis is that it does not allow us to draw conclusions on whether the observed differences between US and European firms are driven by differences in conditional conservatism and/or big bath accounting practices.     

Goodwill write-off and financial market behaviour: An analysis of possible relationships

The aim of this contribution is to verify whether there exists a reaction of financial markets to the new accounting method for goodwill introduced by SFAS 142 and IAS 36. Our research hypothesis is that financial markets should have no significant reaction to the goodwill write-off following the impairment test, since the latter's outcome represents an economic estimate without financial significance. The hypothesis was checked by the analysis of the companies added to the Standard & Poor's Europe 350 index over a three-year period, taking note of goodwill write-off announcements and relating them with the stock market prices and their volatility. The results demonstrate a correlation between the goodwill write-off and the behaviour of financial markets, while the same connection cannot be evinced for prices volatility. Also, what comes out from our analysis is that markets need a relatively long period, over one semester, before absorbing in full the effects resulting from the write-off announcement.