社会必要劳动时间的转化形式

价值决定中的生产条件实质上不过是社会必要劳动时间的转化形式。作为必要的劳动时间规定的转化形式,生产条件一方面以社会标准形式重新确认它自身包含的过去劳动的社会必要性;另一方面,它依社会必要水平重新规定应归入总量的过去劳动的必要量,从而影响社会必要劳动时间的总体确定。作为过去劳动必要性质的再现,生产条件在它自身的移位中获得了社会标准确定,它是社会必要劳动时间的两个层次有机联系的纽带,这种联系赋予两个层次的社会必要劳动时间以统一的规定和总体确定的形式,商品价值量就是由这种总体确定社会必要劳动时间决定的。     

出口退税、汇率调整与出口企业的最优销量——基于相互市场古诺模型的分析

文章利用冰山假说把国内税率、出口退税率以及汇率政策因素纳入存在多个国内与外国企业的相互市场古诺模型,分析了以国内税、出口退税与汇率为核心的策略性贸易政策对出口企业利润最大化的最优出口销量与国内销售的影响,并且以这种比较静态分析为基础,对各种单一政策与多项政策组合的调整效力进行排序。这些分析得出如下的结论:就单一政策的调整效力而言,出口退税优于国内税收与汇率政策;就政策组合的调整效力而言,出口退税与国内税组合优于国内税与汇率的组合。     

数字技术融合对企业创新数量与质量的影响

以268家医疗装备企业为研究对象,从Himmpat专利数据库获取2002—2022年的15 446条专利数据,构建“数字-医疗”技术融合网络,基于量与质的视角实证分析数字技术融合对企业创新绩效的影响。采用负二项固定效应回归模型进行实证研究。结果表明,互补性数字技术融合和替代性数字技术融合均对企业创新质量和数量具有正向影响,融合波动性负向调节上述关系。     

Analysis on Quantity Characteristics of the Fluctuation of Economic Cycle in Shaanxi Province since Reform and Opening-up

This paper analyzes the quantity characteristics of the fluctuation of economic cycle through GDP growing rate in Shaanxi province since reform and opening-up. The results are that the fluctuation of economic cycle in Shaanxi province keeps in step with the nationwide fluctuation, economic growth is powerful, the stabilization of economic growth and the ability of economic sustainable development are strengthened, but the macroscopic control demands to be steady in the second half of the 1990s and the reform dynamics is not deep enough. Meanwhile, we aim at the economy in current China, which is in a new round of expansion issue of cycle and develops at a stable speed, so the paper suggests that the government should adopt neutral macroscopic economic policies.     

特大型高层建筑板式结构转换层施工技术

湖南株洲中鸿(时尚新天地)人和商业广场大厦,将转换层厚板分二次浇筑,形成迭合板,重点解决了荷载传递问题,浇筑大体积砼时,严密控制砼内外温差,使板式结构转换层支撑系统,稳定可靠。     

设计方案优劣群体决策法

在国民经济建设中，常对某些专家提出的设计方案，按着某些特性，从各不相同的特性指标优先次序出发，得到群体优先次序。其中Ｂｏｒｄａ数最大者便是最优方案。     

How Friedman and Schwartz Became Monetarists

During the early‐1940s, both Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz downplayed the role of money in the economy. By the mid‐1950s, they had not only become what later were called monetarists, but the findings from their joint work defined monetarism. The key factor underlying the change in their views was what they learned from their study of U.S. historical experience, especially their empirical confirmation of the Fed's role in the Great Depression. Here, the influence of Clark Warburton on Friedman's thinking loomed large. We document Friedman's advocacy of the constant‐money‐growth rule as an outgrowth of his and Schwartz's empirical research.     

供应链优化管理:关于量折扣研究的分类

供应链管理中的量折扣研究一直是研究的热点问题之一。国外学者研究的重点在于解决整体供应链的有效协调性问题,而其中量折扣定价策略研究是促进供应链协调运作的有效手段。这些研究的大致可分为三类:(1)给定需求条件下研究如何协调生产及库存决策;(2)从营销的角度研究供应链的协调;(3)将第一类研究和第二类研究相结结合,同时考虑市场营销和生产库存协调运作。而国内学者虽然引入了一些新方法,但仍处于从第一类研究向第二、三类研究的发展阶段。     

The economic production quantity (EPQ) with shortage derived algebraically

Previously, in several papers and textbooks, the classical economic order quantity (EOQ) and the economic production quantity (EPQ) formulas for the shortage case, have been derived using differential calculus and solving two simultaneous equations (derived from setting the two first partial derivatives to zero) with the need to prove optimality conditions with second-order derivatives. In a previous original piece of work, a new approach to find the EOQ with backlogging using some slight algebraic developments appeared. This paper extends the mentioned algebraic approach to the EPQ formula taking shortages into consideration within the case of only one backlog cost per unit and time unit. The final expressions provide the same formulas that are available in the classic textbooks on inventory theory.     

Travel and Tourism Education in Thailand

SUMMARY

The main principles of the tourism policy as established by the Ministry of Tourism and Sports during 2003–2006 is to develop Thailand to be Tourism Capital of Asia within 3 years starting from 2004 to 2006. To achieve the ambitious government target, the success of any tourism development strategy will be determined to a large extent by human resources, which can deliver efficient, high quality services. The travel and tourism education in Thailand at an undergraduate level was offered in the Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Chulalongkorn University in 1955 under the Bachelor of Commerce Degree with a major field of study in “Travel Management.” Prince of Songkla University (PSU) brought the concept of community college from the U.S.A. to put into action by setting up Phuket Community College by offering 2-year diploma program in Hotel and Tourism Management to meet the staff requirement of tourism industry in Phuket in 1977. The findings of 'Baccalaureate and Graduate Degrees in Tourism and Hospitality Studies in Thailand: The Current Situations, Problems and Future Development' studied by Chaisawat (1997) and Chaisawat (2000) found that the situation of the universities/institutes that offered programs in hospitality and tourism had changed with a lot of quantity improvement in terms of institutions, number of staff, and number of input/output students as well as research projects. But the very important issues that relate directly to the quality of graduates, problems and constraints running in the hospitality/tourism programs still existed. The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) (2004) did an in-depth study of the labour force situation among middle- and high-level personnel within the tourism industry in order to increase productivity and capability of the national competitiveness. Chaisawat and Boonchu (2005) did another study on Baccalaureate and Graduate Degrees in tourism and hospitality studies in Thailand in 2003. Both studies also found that the quantity of graduates from the educational institutions was sufficiently to serve the demand of the industry. However, there were problems in terms of quality since graduates' qualifications were not up to the standards required by the employers. Finally the paper recommended that Thailand should be positioned as a centre for hospitality and tourism studies and training, locating at major tourism destinations. In terms of strategic implementation of tourism development, tourism educations and training institutions should play the catalyst and coordinating roles with the stakeholders in each region or destination.