Family Transfers Involving Three Generations

Most models of family transfers consider only two generations and focus on two motives: altruism and exchange. They also assume perfect substitution between inter-vivos downward transfers and bequests. Based on French evidence, we show that parent-to-child transfers belong to three distinct categories (investment in child's education, financial assistance, wealth transmission), and advocate a three -generation framework. Thus, transfer behavior of parents toward their children is strongly influenced by the behavior of their own parents. There is also some evidence of the Cox and Stark demonstration effect: parents help their own parents, expecting to receive comparable support from their children. Such behavior can be regarded as indirect reciprocity : the beneficiary does not give back to the initial giver but to a third person of another generation.
JEL classification : D 10; D 31; D 63; D 64     

强互惠理论的扩展

社会何以可能?这是Georg Simmel提出的一个社会科学的基本问题。本文认为,作为具有社会交往本能的人类演化的必然结果,高交往频率的人群相互间的亲和性和共同利益使合作在群体内成为可能,于是社会成为可能。美国Santa Fe研究所的经济学家的研究表明,群体中自发的强互惠的出现,保证了合作在群体内的延续,从而使得群体成功演化。在此基础上,强互惠者的职业化以及政府型强互惠能更有效地对不合作者实施制裁,合作在强制下使得社会成为可能。这为我们展开了对制度演化研究的新视角。     

科技要素投入配置与经济增长非线性相关的预测研究——以江西省赣州市为例

科技要素投入对科学技术由知识形态的生产力向现实的生产力转化起到了至关重要的作用。文章通过实证研究,在基于达到全国平均水平的基础上,建立了赣州科技人力资源投入与地区生产总值的非线性回归模型,并通过对江西省赣州市科技人力资源及R＆D投入相互作用的分析,对非线性回归模型所体现的问题进行分析,对当前经济社会中所存在的问题进行剖析,以期对科技要素投入配置提供相应的决策依据。     

Consumers' response to promotional gifts: The role of gender,transactional value,and reciprocity

Gifts received with the purchase of a focal product are widely used as a tool aimed at incentivizing sales. Yet, marketers still face many questions related to the effectiveness of this promotional technique. In this paper, we examine whether customer's gender—a variable that is managerially relevant and often collected for targeting and positioning purposes—influences the success of gift promotions. Using novel data from a car rental company, we show that promotional gifts have a stronger positive impact on subsequent purchase behaviors for women (vs. men). Two follow‐up experiments demonstrate that this gender effect is driven by the fact that women obtain greater transactional value from the promotional purchase than men do, leading to enhanced reciprocity motivation among women. Taken together, these findings first argue for a more targeted use of promotions involving gifts and second, raise questions about whether we should carefully consider potential gender differences in predicting the effects of many common marketing tactics that are presently discussed as if universal.     

基于对等原则的上游补贴规则运用探析——以对欧美反补贴救济为样本

在法律法规未明文规定上游补贴规则的情况下,我国商务部直接运用他国相关规则进行反补贴救济,其法理依据只能是国际法上的对等原则。但在欧美对华反补贴并未适用上游补贴规则的前提下,我国在对欧美反补贴救济中运用该规则并不符合对等原则的一般适用条件。而在对WTO成员适用对等原则时,还有可能不符合对等原则的特殊适用条件。尽管作为一种策略选择,我国在寻求缓解国际贸易摩擦的过程中仍可灵活运用该原则,但前提是必须注意把握对等原则的适用边界和WTO的基本精神,追求在WTO争端解决机制下的国家利益最大化。     

Credit Relationships: Evidence from Experiments with Real Bankers

We experimentally examine to what extent long‐term “lender–borrower” relationships mitigate moral hazard. The originality of our research lies in recruiting not only students but also commercial and social bankers. The opportunity to engage in bilateral long‐term relationships mitigates the repayment problem. Lenders take advantage of their long‐term situation by increasing their rates. Consequently, borrowers are incited to take more risk. Improving information disclosure ameliorates the repayment but does not incite lenders to offer more credits. Social bankers exhibit a higher probability of granting a loan and make fairer credit offers to borrowers than the other subject pools do.     

Servant leadership,social exchange relationships,and follower's helping behavior: Positive reciprocity belief matters

This study examined how leader-member exchange (LMX) and team-member exchange (TMX) mediate the relationship between servant leadership and helping behavior. The bootstrapping results involving 300 five-star hotel employees and their 80 immediate supervisors revealed that (1) LMX and TMX respectively mediated the relationship between servant leadership and helping behavior, (2) positive reciprocity belief moderated the relationship between servant leadership and LMX, (3) positive reciprocity belief moderated the relationship between servant leadership and TMX. Furthermore, moderated mediation analysis demonstrates that (4) the mediated relationship linking servant leadership with helping behavior via LMX is stronger when positive reciprocity belief is high, and (5) the mediated relationship linking servant leadership with helping behavior via TMX is stronger when positive reciprocity belief is high. We discuss theoretical and practical implications and recommend future research.     

Why does service inclusion matter? The effect of service exclusion on customer indirect misbehavior

In recent years, there has been much conceptual work calling for research on transformative service, and service inclusion in particular. However, quantitative studies focusing on service inclusion are scant, and little is known about customer responses to the opposite of service inclusion, i.e. service exclusion. Taking a transformative research perspective, this study advances the service inclusion literature by focusing on service exclusion and its downstream consequences. We first build the causal link between service exclusion (vs. inclusion) and customer indirect misbehavior, reveal the underlying mechanism, and further identify negative reciprocity beliefs as a boundary condition. The results of three studies suggest that customers who experience service exclusion (vs. inclusion) are more likely to engage in indirect misbehavior (Study 1), and that this effect is mediated by perceived need threat (Study 2). Moreover, the basic effect holds true only for customers with strong negative reciprocity beliefs (Study 3). The findings of this research not only contribute to the literature on transformative services, service inclusion, and social exclusion, but also have managerial implications for marketing practitioners in terms of creating an inclusive service system.     

Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History: A Re-examination

Berg et al. (Games and Economic Behavior, 10, pp. 122–142, 1995) study trust and reciprocity in an investment setting. They find significant amounts of trust and reciprocity and conclude that trust is a guiding behavioral instinct (a primitive in their terminology). We modify the way information is presented to participants and, through a questionnaire, prompt strategic reasoning. To our surprise, none of our various treatments led to a reduction in the amount invested. Previously reported experimental results to the contrary did not survive replication. Our results suggest that those by Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe are rather robust to changes in information presentation and strategic reasoning prompts. We discuss the implications of these findings.