城市绿色游憩空间规划的问题与对策研究

我国城市绿色游憩空间规划存在的问题是:缺少鲜明的地域特色;空间利用不够充分;缺乏合理规划;空间功能单一,人性化设施不足。对策是:注重城市绿色游憩空间的地域特色建设;加强城市绿色游憩空间的利用;体现城市绿色空间规划的“人文关怀”;协调环境保护与利用之间的关系。     

The protectionist bias of duty drawbacks: evidence from Mercosur

In a political-economy setting where tariffs and duty drawbacks are endogenously chosen through industry lobbying, it is shown that full duty-drawbacks are granted to exporters who use imported intermediates in their production. This in turn decreases their incentives to counter-lobby against high tariffs on their inputs. In equilibrium, higher tariffs will be observed on these goods. The creation of a regional block will change the political equilibrium. Duty-drawbacks will be eliminated on intra-regional exports, which in turn will lead to lower tariffs for goods used as inputs by intra-regional exporters. Evidence from Mercosur suggests that the elimination of duty-drawbacks for intra-regional exports led to increased counter-lobbying by users of intermediate products. In its absence the common external tariff would have been on average 3.5 percentage points (25 percent) higher.