基于社区参与的鄂西旅游扶贫开发模式研究——以湖北省襄樊市襄阳区为例

旅游扶贫强调社区贫困人口受益,以襄樊市襄阳区为例,提出社区参与旅游扶贫开发的模式,包括景区带动模式、农家乐接待、红色旅游、生态农业旅游、库区旅游开发、名人文化旅游、旅游名村建设等7种模式。为保障旅游扶贫的实施目的,在实践中应发挥政府主导,保障社区居民参与的主体地位;建立合理的利益分配机制;加大培训,建立高层次社区参与机制,并跟踪旅游扶贫,建立旅游扶贫的长效反馈机制等措施。     

Shifting cultivation and forest pressure in Cameroon

Shifting cultivation is often blamed as a principal cause of deforestation in tropical Africa. It is claimed that the practice is unsustainable because shortened fallow lengths result in soils too degraded to support forest vegetation. The decline in fallow lengths is often attributed to increases in population density and greater market participation. The conventional wisdom makes several claims that are as yet unsubstantiated. This article investigates whether there is evidence to support two of these claims in southern Cameroon. First, using both cross‐sectional and panel data, I find that there is indeed a robust negative association between fallow lengths and population density in the study area and weaker evidence for a negative relationship between fallow lengths and market participation. Second, a stochastic frontier production function approach is used to investigate the marginal contribution of fallow to output. Results indicate that fallow lengths are not low enough to be affecting yields and therefore do not appear to be resulting in declines in soil fertility. Thus overall, while some of the assumptions of the conventional wisdom appear to be true, there is little evidence to support its dramatic conclusion that shifting cultivators are causing deforestation in the forested region of Cameroon.     

私营企业经济绩效、参政意识与浙粤现象

改革开放以来,我国私营企业取得了令人瞩目的经济成就,成为我国经济增长的引擎、税收的重要贡献者和就业的主要吸纳器。与此同时,在体制边缘艰难生长起来的私营企业在经过了最初的求利阶段后,参政意识和政治地位明显提高。一方面提高了财政支出的公共度,另一方面增强了地方人大对于政府预算的监督力度,从而促进了我国公共财政的发展。     

Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries

This study deals with a normative concept of participatory development approach, which originates in the developed world. In particular, it analyses and explains the limitations to the participatory tourism development approach in the context of developing countries. It was found that there are operational, structural and cultural limits to community participation in the TDP in many developing countries although they do not equally exist in every tourist destination. Moreover, while these limits tend to exhibit higher intensity and greater persistence in the developing world than in the developed world, they appear to be a reflection of prevailing socio-political, economic and cultural structure in many developing countries. On the other hand, it was also found that although these limitations may vary over time according to types, scale and levels of tourism development, the market served, and cultural attributes of local communities, forms and scale of tourism developed are beyond the control of local communities. It concludes that formulating and implementing the participatory tourism development approach requires a total change in socio-political, legal, administrative and economic structure of many developing countries, for which hard political choices and logical decisions based on cumbersome social, economic and environmental trade-offs are sine qua non alongside deliberate help, collaboration and co-operation of major international donor agencies, NGOs, international tour operators and multinational companies.     

基于农村居民最低养老水平的财政支付能力研究

基于农村居民现实最低养老需求,对我国财政的养老补贴支付能力进行测算分析。以修正恩格尔系数为基础测度了农村居民最低养老保险水平,并依据农村恩格尔系数及物价指数的历史变动趋势,预测了2010-2020年农村最低养老动态水平;利用财政收入规模的自回归模型预测了2010-2020年的财政收入规模,结合普惠型养老金总额应为财政收入的5%国际经验,对基本养老金以及最低养老需求占财政收入的比重进行了测算和评价。目前的基本养老金在短期内对改善农村老年人生活有重要作用,但长期来看还需要不断增加,应优化财政支出结构。     

农村生态文明建设过程中的公众参与

公众参与生态文明建设是人与生态环境达成辩证统一、和谐共处的必然要求,是可持续发展思想、群众路线理论的生动体现,也是解决“公有地悲剧”的重要途径.为此,应健全相关法律法规,完善信息公开制度建设,疏通参与渠道,实现生态文明建设中的公众参与.     

国际投资协定透明度要求变化及其启示 ——以美国实践为考察对象

以美国BIT为代表的国际投资协定在透明度条款以及其他条款涉及透明度的规定中通过加强公众参与程度显著提升了透明度要求。这一变化是投资仲裁实践、国内贸易立法以及市民社会诉求合力作用的结果。透明度要求的提高一方面凸显了专业性社会组织对国际投资立法与实践的影响,另一方面则反映了美国借此维护本国利益的实质。对此,中国在对外投资协定的签署与实践中需要审慎对待透明度要求,同时加强本国专业性社会组织的培育和发展。     

流动人口不同归属情景下中国各地区人口老龄化形势

利用国家统计局提供的2000年人口普查0.95‰抽样原始数据,分析了人口流动对于中国不同地区人口老龄化形势的影响,按照“流动人口”的不同归属对于老龄化形势的影响效果,将全国分为三类地区:包括上海、北京、广东等大城市在内的“流动人口”减轻其老龄化压力的地区;江西、安徽、四川、湖南等“流动人口”加剧老龄化压力的地区;河北、内蒙古等“流动人口”对人口老龄化形势影响不明显的地区。     

Chinese Residents' Demand for Outbound Travel: Evidence from the Chinese Family Panel Studies

This paper investigates potential factors influencing Chinese residents' demand for outbound travel. Based on survey data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies project conducted in 2008, we utilize several discrete choice models to analyze (1) factors explaining Chinese residents' participation in outbound travel in the last five years and (2) factors explaining various types of outbound travel. We highlight the importance of age, hukou type, personal income, education level, domestic tourism participation, foreign language proficiency, life satisfaction, and Internet use to explain Chinese residents' outbound travel. We also observe regional differences and urban–rural differences by estimating the model using different sub-samples. Finally, implications are presented concerning marketing efforts in targeting potential Chinese outbound tourists.     

基于层次分析法的乡村旅游地社区参与状况评价——以北京市平谷区黄松峪乡雕窝村为例

良好的乡村旅游社区参与能够发挥多重功能:延长乡村旅游地作为旅游目的地的生命周期,为其塑造良好的旅游地形象.同时,促使当地居民的经济、生活状况得到提升和改善.因此,良好的社区参与是乡村旅游可持续发展的重要保障.文章以北京市平谷区黄松峪乡雕窝村为例,运用AHP层次分析法将社区参与复杂的内涵进行逐层分析,发挥其定量分析与定性分析相结合的优点,对乡村旅游的社区参与情况进行比较客观的评价,从社区参与的角度为乡村旅游可持续发展提供参考.