Focal area approach: a participatory community planning approach to agricultural extension and market development in Kenya

The focal area approach has been developed and applied by the public agricultural extension service in Kenya to harness the comparative advantages of various players for the overall development of rural areas. Participatory processes have been institutionalized in public extension and have brought new meaning to both extension and understanding rural development. The interactive engagement of smallholder farmers by public extension and the conducive environment created by the approach for other service providers to interact with communities has brought many advantages. The participation of women and youth, the poor and vulnerable groups in generating information and solutions to address food security and other rural needs has been impressive. The knowledge gained from the interaction has contributed in influencing policy change and research priorities. Smallholder farmers have formed common interest groups, which has enabled them to move from subsistence to business farming associated with increased knowledge, increased productivity and increased demand for produce. The approach has enabled extension service providers to reach more farmers per year than they did previously. The partnerships created between public extension with other institutions contributed to enhancement of knowledge and skills that has enabled the approach to spread to more areas in the country. Further capacity development among the extension providers and formulation of supportive policies that encourage demand-driven extension will lead to further improvement of the approach and scaling up.     

我国中小型制造业实施敏捷制造方式的研究

通过对我国中小型制造业实施敏捷制造生产方式现状的分析,认为我国中小型制造业很有必要实施敏捷制造,提出了一种基于CIMS面向敏捷制造的两步走的实施战略及相应的措施。     

最严格水资源制度下的小农水质保体系建设

小型水利工程是基层水利单位管控水资源的主要建筑,也是调节和改良地区农田水分状况和地区水利条件,使之满足农业生产发展的需要,促进农业的稳产高产的必要基础。文章结合基层水利单位在组织建设小型水利工程中质量管理中的经验,探讨了小型工程质量问题的根源,对实际情况的质量控制和管理提出可行性建议。     

农村土地细碎化治理及制度变革启示——安徽省怀远县“一户一块田”的实践探索

土地细碎化是当前我国农业生产的基本格局,也是农业适度规模经营和农业现代化的主要障碍之一。土地细碎化表面上是地块的细碎化。实质上是土地产权的细碎化,而无论是土地流转还是土地整治,都未能从根本上整合细碎化的土地产权。怀远县基于方便农民耕种的需要,在基层大胆创新的基础上,充分发挥集体组织调整土地的功能,通过“三不变、两提倡、一调整”形成了“一户一块田”的耕种模式,有效解决了土地细碎化难题。我国农村土地细碎化治理及制度变革,必须强化集体组织的土地统筹权利和能力,赋予其相应的土地（地块）调整职能,并加强农村基层组织建设;要立足于小农经济为主的基本国情,保护耕作者的利益,为满足现代化小农生产提供服务;既要尊重各地群众的意愿和创造性,也要规范指导,有序推进。     

Green technological progress,agricultural modernization,and wage inequality: Lessons from China

Green technological progress (GTP) is crucial for environmental protection and economic growth in China. Over the past decades, China made huge GTP which exerts a far-reaching consequence on economic and social development. However, a paucity of research investigates the distributional effect of GTP. Meanwhile, we incorporate agricultural producer service sector into a three-sector general equilibrium model to reflect the modernization of small-scale agriculture. The agricultural producer service sector that acts as an intermediate sector can facilitate the utilization of intermediate inputs indirectly. To desalinate this process, a two-layer vertical production structure is established: parts of manufacturing goods are utilized by the service sector, outputs of which are intermediate inputs that could substitute labor in agriculture. Theoretical analysis shows that GTP increases both wage of skilled labor and unskilled labor. Nevertheless, GTP generates a greater impact on the wage of skilled labor than unskilled labor, leading to widening income disparity. Then, we examine the impact of GTP on wage inequality using a balanced panel data covering 30 provincial units in China during 2000–2019. In line with our theoretical conjecture, we find strong supportive evidences that GTP significantly widens the wage inequality.     

电子商务对中小企业国际贸易的影响及对策

随着电子商务的迅速发展,不仅改变了传统货物贸易和服务贸易的形式和结构,还改变了对外贸易的形式和结构.电子商务的发展正引起国际贸易的一场重大变革.文章分析了电子商务在国际贸易中的优势及电子商务对中小企业国际贸易的影响,研究了我国中小企业国际贸易中应用电子商务的对策.     

湖南小型乡镇矿产开采存在的问题及对策研究

湖南小型乡镇矿产开采存在三个方面的主要问题,其中,安全问题主要表现为对操作工人的生命安全及周边居民的生产生活造成的安全问题;环境问题则主要表现为小型乡镇矿产开采活动给当地的生态环境造成了较大的影响;可持续性问题主要表现为企业本身的开采活动难以为继,行业及周边居民的生产生活的可持续性发展也受到了较大影响。文章从政府管理、企业及居民监督方面提出了相应对策。