推动小农高质量发展：日本农业新政的指向与启示

2020年3月,日本政府对《食物·农业·农村基本计划》进行了第五次修订。本次修订基于推动小农高质量发展的基本导向,设置了2030年日本农业在保障食物自给方面的奋斗目标,围绕该目标的实现,从增强食物供给能力、强化小农生产基础、激发偏远地区活力、推动小农绿色生产、提升小农抗冲击能力和检视农民组织改革成效等6个维度进行了未来10年的政策部署。本次修订对中国的启示是:立足小农、服务小农、强化小农是推动小农高质量发展的根本出路;确保粮食安全是推动小农高质量发展的第一要义;实现人地和技术的高质量是推动小农高质量发展的关键;强化农村内生发展是推动小农高质量发展的重要方面;加大农业投入是推动小农高质量发展的重要手段。     

对“三农”问题的理性解读

当代"三农"问题是市场经济展开的必然结果,在鸦片战争后就开始出现,本质上是小农经济与市场经济的矛盾冲突。解决"三农"问题,应坚定不移地推进市场化改革,完善家庭承包制,引导小农经济向现代农业转变。     

黑龙江林区小城镇规模对狍子的影响

利用spss软件处理从野外得到的数据,研究林区小城镇规模对狍子的影响;分析表明,小城镇面积越大,狍子活动离小城镇越远,也就是说小城镇面积越大,对狍子的干扰越大。     

中国小农经济的评判尺度--评黄宗智的"过密化"理论

黄宗智提出的以“边际报酬”为评判尺度的“过密化”理论，是其分析和评判中国小农经济的理论基点。用“边际报酬”概念的源头——西方经济学中的“生产函数”来考察，“过密化”理论有其不严密之处。以建立在西方经验之上的“边际报酬”概念来评判与西方农业经济有天壤之别的中国小农经济，更有其无法弥补的局限性。以往，东西方学者对“过密化”理论的回应多停留在表层，很少有人对其理论基点提出置疑，以此为基础的理论创新更是少之又少。本文主要从西方经济学的生产论出发，对“过密化”理论进行分析和评判，以促发更深的理论思考和更加科学的理论创新。     

Crisis Management in Small-Scale Tourism

Summary

Since the events of September 2001, many tourism academics, analysts, and corporations have displayed attention toward crises in the tourism industry. Most attention has focussed on how nations and large tourism corporations cope with unforseen crises. However, when crisis strikes, it is indiscriminate, affecting small-scale tourism businesses also. This article analyses some popular crisis management models, and their applicability to smaller scale businesses. The small island of Gili Air in Indonesia is examined, and the crisis management techniques employed by owners and operators of small and micro tourism businesses. The results indicate that while these businesses face similar issues resulting from crises, they are ill equipped to produce long-term solutions.     

导师制教学在小规模士官职业技术教育中的应用

小规模士官职业技术教育是军队院校职业技术教育的重要组成部分,分析了小规模士官职业技术教育的特点,详细论述了导师制教学流程及各个教学环节中的具体事项,并将导师制教学应用于《XX测试设备维修》课程,并取得了较好的教学效果。     

Why do medium- and large-scale farmers succeed practicing CA and small-scale farmers often do not? – experiences from Paraguay

Conservation agriculture (CA) is defined as a system comprising no or minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop species diversification [FAO. (2014). What is Conservation Agriculture? FAO CA website, consulted on 15.09.2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html]. The vast majority of medium- and large-scale farmers in Paraguay and neighbouring countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) who use tractor-based farming systems have moved from conventional agriculture and adopted CA through no-tillage technologies. Among this farmer type, very few wish to return to the old system of tillage agriculture. However, despite massive efforts to transmit the technology to small-scale farmers by development aid projects and local governments, widespread adoption of CA has not happened on farms that use animal traction or manual farming systems; in fact significant dis-adoption of CA practices by smallholders has occurred. Some of the reasons for this dynamic are analysed in this paper. The reasons for dis-adoption by small-scale farmers can be generally divided into two groups. One group has to do with the fact that, comparatively, small-scale farmers are less able to cope with the factors related to CA (e.g. degraded soils, recuperating and maintaining soil fertility and know-how) than medium- and large-scale farmers. The second group of reasons has to do with the approaches and strategies that development aid agencies and local governments have taken towards small-scale farmers, which have influenced small-scale farmers’ ability to adopt and maintain CA practices. Small-scale farmers’ main asset is the soil and the CA/no-tillage system is a knowledge-based, learning-intensive system. However, despite the technical support provided by aid agencies and local governments, small-scale farmers often lack a deeper understanding of the CA concepts and practices. This is attributable to the short- to medium-term and rather conservative transfer-of-technology approaches that have been applied by development aid agency and local government programmes over the years, without any changes and without adaptive research. The latter can be derived, for instance, from the accountability of results to donor agencies or the one-size-fits-all approach applied in order to achieve ‘numbers’. One consequence of this is that ownership by and empowerment of farmers is often absent among dis-adopters. It therefore seems more suitable to apply long term, adaptable approaches to CA with smallholders. The lessons learned in Paraguay may well serve to properly direct future development intervention efforts in this country and also serve to mend development strategies in other countries in South and Central America, Africa or Asia.     

渔民合作组织在小型渔业管理中的应用

随着小型渔业逐渐受到重视以及传统渔业管理方法弊端的显现,渔业管理者和学者开始研究适合小型渔业的管理方法,并把焦点集中在渔民参与型管理方法上,渔民合作组织就是参与型管理的一种具体形式。本文通过文献分析和走访调研,总结了小型渔业的定义和管理概况、研究了渔民合作组织的发展状况以及日本、土耳其和中国应用渔民合作组织管理小型渔业的案例,并结合中国渔民合作组织的现状,对中国改善小型渔业管理状况提出建议。     

半工半耕家庭经济模式对村庄的影响研究——基于关中陈文村的调查

在对关中陈文村实地调查的基础上,运用质性研究方法深入探讨与分析半工半耕家庭经济模式对于村庄的影响,尝试解释两个问题:一是半工半耕家庭经济模式的形成及其意义;二是该种模式对于村庄的生活范围与关系模式、生活面向与生活预期、代际责任与伦理三个方面的影响。最后指出陈文村的生产生活方式对当前国家农村政策的启示意义,即国家在致力于农业现代化与产业化发展的同时,也应注重小农家庭生产的扶持与条件的改善。     

我国评估市场共生体系的构建——小型评估机构、评估咨询业务与小规模企业

评估机构是市场化的产物,市场需求决定了不同类型机构的价值取向。从共生元素、共生环境、共生模式等角度构建我国评估市场共生体系,小型评估机构有其存在的客观性和必要性,评估咨询业务是小型评估机构生存和发展的基础,小规模企业是小型评估机构走专业化发展道路的理性选择。