我国小型农田水利建设和管理机制:一个政策框架

根据对我国小型农田水利发展历史经验的梳理,基于对11个省份小型农田水利发展现状的全面调查,提出小型农田水利建设和管理机制的总体政策框架。必须以提高水利保障能力和保障农民用水权益为核心,明确小型农田水利的公益性质,明晰政府应承担的责任,加大公共财政投入力度,加快在资金投入、工程建设、建后管护等方面形成新机制,保证小型农田水利工程的正常运行和效益可持续发挥。     

小农水体制机制改革举措探讨——以重庆云阳为例

[目的]解决重庆云阳小农水存在的无人管护、运作效率低下导致工程性缺水等问题,探寻管护模式、工程规模与管护效率之间的关系。[方法]文章对小农水产权制度改革与管护机制创新试点重庆云阳县进行了实地调研,在此基础上运用DEA分析方法和问卷方法探究了堰塘工程规模和运行效率与管护的关系。[结果]私有化管护模式要比集体管护效率高,并且规模较大的工程易私有化,分析结果符合实地调研结果。同时指出试点所做的举措与背后的原因,并给出适当的改革建议。[结论]提出改革需进一步引入市场机制,进一步放开堰塘的经营权与收益权,对于小规模集体管护的堰塘及规模大的个人或联户无能力经营的堰塘,由用水者协会管理。该文对重庆乃至处于西南山丘区的小农水管护模式的改革研究具有一定指导意义,也为其他区域的小农水体制机制改革的理论研究提供一定参考与借鉴。     

Green technological progress,agricultural modernization,and wage inequality: Lessons from China

Green technological progress (GTP) is crucial for environmental protection and economic growth in China. Over the past decades, China made huge GTP which exerts a far-reaching consequence on economic and social development. However, a paucity of research investigates the distributional effect of GTP. Meanwhile, we incorporate agricultural producer service sector into a three-sector general equilibrium model to reflect the modernization of small-scale agriculture. The agricultural producer service sector that acts as an intermediate sector can facilitate the utilization of intermediate inputs indirectly. To desalinate this process, a two-layer vertical production structure is established: parts of manufacturing goods are utilized by the service sector, outputs of which are intermediate inputs that could substitute labor in agriculture. Theoretical analysis shows that GTP increases both wage of skilled labor and unskilled labor. Nevertheless, GTP generates a greater impact on the wage of skilled labor than unskilled labor, leading to widening income disparity. Then, we examine the impact of GTP on wage inequality using a balanced panel data covering 30 provincial units in China during 2000–2019. In line with our theoretical conjecture, we find strong supportive evidences that GTP significantly widens the wage inequality.     

推动小农高质量发展：日本农业新政的指向与启示

2020年3月,日本政府对《食物·农业·农村基本计划》进行了第五次修订。本次修订基于推动小农高质量发展的基本导向,设置了2030年日本农业在保障食物自给方面的奋斗目标,围绕该目标的实现,从增强食物供给能力、强化小农生产基础、激发偏远地区活力、推动小农绿色生产、提升小农抗冲击能力和检视农民组织改革成效等6个维度进行了未来10年的政策部署。本次修订对中国的启示是:立足小农、服务小农、强化小农是推动小农高质量发展的根本出路;确保粮食安全是推动小农高质量发展的第一要义;实现"人""地"和"技术"的高质量是推动小农高质量发展的关键;强化农村内生发展是推动小农高质量发展的重要方面;加大农业投入是推动小农高质量发展的重要手段。