消费、娱乐和社会参与——从日常行为看农民工与城市社会的关系

通过对问卷调查所获得资料的分析,探讨了农民工在城市的消费、娱乐、社会交往和社会参与,认为造成农民工与城市疏离状态的原因既有城乡隔离的二元社会结构的制度惯性影响,又有生活方式和习惯的因素,还有城市管理体制上的不健全和城市社会生活封闭造成的后果.     

贫困与制度

导致贫困的制度因素有三个：劳动资料的权利剥夺、小块土地制度和歧视性隔离制度.为此要建立一个能从经济成果充分体现出劳动者对劳动资料整体所有的新型国有企业制度;大力发展农业,坚持土地公有化方向不动摇,在土地国家所有基础上通过合作化的渠道逐步实行工厂制度,开创企业化、社会化的农业新时代;通过制度创新使国家制度能够融进人格平等的穷人利益、要求和呼声,使制度对穷人的道德关怀转化为经济和政治的全面关怀.     

Urban Poverty,Segregation and Social Networks in São Paulo and Salvador,Brazil

General consensus exists concerning the relevance of networks and space in poverty situations, despite a considerable dispute on the prominence of each element. While social‐support and poverty debates highlight the joint importance of space and networks, the research agenda on contemporary communities suggests that networks have recently started replacing space in social integration. These debates mainly consider networks and ties normatively and are restricted to the global North, hampering the formulation of comparative interpretations and more theoretical conclusions. This article discusses the relationship between space, sociability and poverty, based on research results on networks of poor individuals in two major Brazilian metropolises—Salvador and São Paulo. Research indicates the existence of great heterogeneity in the networks of poor individuals, although with substantial differences, on average, to middle‐class individuals. Certain types of networks and sociability are systematically associated with better living conditions, employment and income. Additionally, network mobilization by individuals presents important regularities associated with social mechanisms, understood as regular patterns that trigger or cause certain results. These mechanisms explain to a great extent the heterogeneity of networks, and mediate the individual's access to opportunities and everyday assistance. They therefore contribute decisively to the production (and reproduction) of urban poverty.     

Integration and Control: The Governing of Urban Marginality in Western Europe

Drawing on the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias and the Foucauldian governmentality approach, this article outlines the political rationalities and governmental technologies pertaining to the territorial governance of urban marginality in Western Europe. Whereas many authors have suggested that segregation is key to the governing of urban marginality in the USA and perhaps the post‐industrial city generally, I suggest that, at least in Western Europe, marginality is governed through integration. The argument is illustrated with examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium.     

我国农田水利管理体制改革困境研究综述

通过整理我国农田水利管理体制改革的文献,总结了目前我国农田水利管理体制改革的困境,即自上而下的强制性制度和自下而上的诱发性制度间形成的紧张感。这种紧张感的形成是制度、组织与社会三方面共同作用的结果:制度的路径依赖导致了乡村组织的疲软,社会经济环境的变化加大了改革的交易成本,组织的解体导致了新制度的失效。最后提出应当从破除制度路径依赖、强化组织联系、重视社会经济环境三方面入手解决农田水利管理体制改革的困境。     

ITTO项目江城试验示范点社会经济效益初步评价

以江城县为案例点,通过抽样技术和实地调研,获得样本点近几年的社会与经济数据资料,采取比较分析方法对江城县ITTO一期项目实施前、后的当地社会与经济影响进行评价,结果表明ITTO项目在江城县的实施给当地林业行政部门及试验林周边社区的各利益主体带来了不同的社会、经济收益。但通过分析也发现,由于项目实施时间和试验面积的局限,使得项目受益群体较小,影响面积也较窄,进而表现了对实施第二期ITTO项目的渴望。     

少数民族残疾人的社会经济状况

利用2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据对中国少数民族人群残疾现患率的流行特征、社会经济状况及其与汉族残疾人的差异进行比较分析。少数民族男性的残疾现患率(6.46%)高于女性(6.03%)。初中及以上教育程度的女性少数民族残疾人仅有10.04%。居住在农村的少数民族残疾人,大约有25%生活在国家规定的农村贫困标准以下,71%的农村少数民族残疾人没有参与任何形式的社会保险。农村、女性、老年残疾人是今后少数民族残疾人扶贫和社会保障覆盖重点干预对象;要优先提高女性残疾人的受教育水平。     

Women's Economic Participation on the Eve of Industrialization: Bizkaia,Spain, 1825

This contribution discusses, from the regional perspective of Bizkaia, Spain, adult women's labor force participation prior to industrialization, including the impact of economic, social, and demographic variables, such as family life cycle, marriage, and the presence of minor children in the household. Women's high level of participation – 68.6 percent for the entire province – varies considerably, depending on local economic conditions. Job opportunities for women and socioeconomic characteristics of households act as first-order explanatory factors. Women in proto-industrial economies, like Bizkaia's, which combined the extraction, transport, and marketing of iron with agriculture and fishing, show greater participation. Demand for women's labor was linked to jobs without recognized qualifications. The association of women's participation with demographic variables is not manifest in the historical data. The results show that supply factors do not explain the variance in women's activity.     

Which Has Stronger Impacts on Regional Segregation: Industrial Agglomeration or Ethnolinguistic Clustering?

Abstract

We investigate how regional segregation patterns are affected by industrial agglomeration and ethnic clustering, by adding the externality of ethnicity to the model of agglomeration and trade proposed by Ottaviano et al. (2002. Agglomeration and trade revisited, International Economic Review, 43, 409–436). We show that ethnic segregation patterns are persistent, while ethnic mixing distribution appears only when trade costs are intermediate and ethnicity clustering preferences are less intense. Further, discrepancies of the social optimum and equilibrium are caused because the social optimum is less sensitive to a change in trade costs, when the population of farmers (immobile factors affecting ethnicity utilities) is sufficiently large.     

Liability dollarization,exchange market pressure and fear of floating: empirical evidence for Turkey

US and British unemployment rates for non–white males and females are compared over the period 1970–1998. Whereas US rates remained fairly steady, there was a marked increase in British non–white unemployment rates. The reasons for this poor performance, relative to the good performance of US non–whites are explored. It is shown that non–white unemployment behaves in different ways across the two countries. For example, British rates rise faster in a recession than white rates, whereas US rates appear not to follow this British hypercyclical pattern.