Emotions,deliberations, and end‐of‐life products

Death is inevitable; yet, not all consumers prepare for death by purchasing end‐of‐life (EOL) products. Using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the dual‐process model framework, this study aims to examine the role of emotions and cognitions in influencing consumers' decisions to engage in planning for death. A mixed methodology design was used. Study 1, a qualitative study, uncovered positive and negative emotions and deliberative reasoning that comprise consumers' EOL purchase decision process. Study 2, a quantitative study, confirmed that emotions and deliberations independently and jointly influenced consumers' EOL attitude and behavior and that emotions affected deliberations for both prepaid funerals and wills. Subjective norms outperformed attitude in predicting both products' purchase behavior. These finding supported the dual‐process model of behavior and the TRA in the EOL research context and contributed to the EOL literature by investigating the effects of emotions and deliberations concurrently; thus validating the important role of emotions in influencing EOL planning and purchase. In light of our findings, marketers could, after due cognizance of the morbidity and sensitivity of the topic, develop actionable promotional and segmentation strategies for EOL products and other emotion‐laden, unsought products and service.     

论如何同时降低通货膨胀率和失业率——菲利普斯曲线的微观经济基础及其移动

菲利普斯曲线有其微观经济基础。菲利普斯曲线描述的货币工资变化率与失业率之间的关系取决于失业工人随机寻找工作的经济决策、在岗工人与公司之间的博弈行为、工会势力与公司讨价还价力量的均衡、公司调整产品价格和工人工资的决定、劳动供给曲线的斜率等。以此为理论基础,通过对工作报价、最低工资预期水平、搜寻工作的效率、工会势力和公司势力、辞职率与临时解雇率、生产技术效率、劳动周转率、劳动市场分隔及其不平衡等因素进行政策性调节,可以使菲利普斯曲线整体性向左下方移动,从而同时降低通货膨胀率与失业率。     

The importance of packaging in purchase and usage behaviour

This study's primary objective is to analyse how consumers evaluate product packaging in two distinct phases of the consumer decision‐making process: at the moment of acquisition and post‐consumption. The packaging's technical, functional and informative attributes, as well as its influence on satisfaction and loyalty, were evaluated. An empirical study was conducted with a product of immediate consumption, milk, using four versions of packaging and a total sample of 265 family units. The model was evaluated using partial least squares (PLS), and differences were compared using variance analysis. The results demonstrate the most and least valued attributes, the primary differences between the four types of packaging, and the perception generated at each moment. The research provides interesting theoretical and empirical perspectives and has business implications for marketing directors and product managers.     

ON THE CONSISTENCY OF REGRESSION‐BASED MONTE CARLO METHODS FOR PRICING BERMUDAN OPTIONS IN CASE OF ESTIMATED FINANCIAL MODELS

In many applications of regression‐based Monte Carlo methods for pricing, American options in discrete time parameters of the underlying financial model have to be estimated from observed data. In this paper suitably defined nonparametric regression‐based Monte Carlo methods are applied to paths of financial models where the parameters converge toward true values of the parameters. For various Black–Scholes, GARCH, and Levy models it is shown that in this case the price estimated from the approximate model converges to the true price.     

产权性质视角下的银行业审计质量与经济利益关系研究——基于偏最小二乘法的估计

以中国2001—2010年A股上市商业银行为研究样本,运用偏最小二乘法,检验不同产权性质的商业银行支付给审计师的经济利益与审计质量的关联性。研究发现:相对于非政府控制的上市银行,政府控制的上市银行支付给审计师的经济利益越大,盈余管理幅度越高;在为政府控制银行提供业务的过程中,银行给予审计师的经济利益过高,导致审计师未能有效地抑制银行的盈余管理行为,审计质量受损,而在为非政府控制的上市银行提供业务情形中,审计质量并未随着经济利益的增加而降低。     

欧盟关于人员自由流动的立法特点及其启示

欧洲联盟内部人员自由流动,同商品、服务和资本的自由流动一起,构成了欧洲经济一体化的基本内容.人员在成员国之间自由流动,直接冲击成员国现行的经济、社会等制度,因此往往遭遇障碍和歧视.欧盟从建立时起,就注重对人员自由流动的法律调整,并形成了自己鲜明的立法特点.我国正处于城市化的高潮时期,人员流动正迅速发展.我们应该借鉴欧盟的经验,加强人员流动方面的立法,以确保人员流动有序进行,促进改革开放的健康、和谐发展.     

基于消费者运动的社会营销学研究及其启示

本文认为,20世纪美国消费者运动风起云涌,推动了政府的立法活动和营销学研究,其研究主要集中于消费者运动的经验研究,营销实践的购买者观点,营销观念的实践,营销道德研究,营销和广告对消费者的影响等方面,并逐渐出现了两个重要趋势,即研究更加现实和开始思考在组织结构中采用道德训练、管理事例和鼓励措施,以激励道德行为。文章提出,我国基于消费者运动的社会营销学研究重点,一是弱势群体方面的研究;二是审视营销观念的实践;三是中国特色营销道德的研究;四是消费者保护的经验研究;五是消费者满意、不满意方面的研究;六是营销和广告的社会影响研究。     

Consumer transactions with SMEs: implications for consumer scholars

Historically, the consumer movement has defined business as big business. This paper proposes that we shift the focus to consumer transactions with small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). After SMEs are defined, facts about the realities of SMEs are used as stepping stones to develop the idea that consumer interactions with SMEs are different than those with large firms and merit the attention of consumer scholars. Thirteen recommendations are tendered for future research including rethinking our traditional approach to consumer behaviour theory, consumer policy, and consumer movement theory.     

淮南抗日根据地的互助合作运动研究

为了打破敌伪的经济封锁,减轻地主对农民的剥削,克服小农经济的局限性,淮南抗日根据地开展了互助合作运动。根据地在组织农户参加互助时,总结经验、树立典型,循序渐进,逐步推广,抓住群众需要,解决群众困难,尊重群众意愿,利用适当形式,从而有效组织了互助合作。互助合作运动开展中,也遇到不少问题,如形式主义、强迫命令;违背公平合理原则;经营管理效率不高;农民的观望、落后分子的破坏等。根据地采取了一系列措施,应对这些问题。如在.经济条件相近、关系和睦的农户间开展互助,对落后分子进行说服教育,建章立制,惩戒营私舞弊者;发扬民主、确保公平等。互助合作运动的开展,提高了生产效率,克服了小农经济的弊端,加强了基础设施建设;创造了物质财富,改善了民众生活。淮南抗日根据地互助合作运动对当今的农民专业合作社仍有一定的参考借鉴意义。