International Trade and the Environment: Theoretical and Policy Linkages

I review and extend three approaches to trade and environmental policies: competitive general equilibrium, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The first two have surprisingly similar implications: deviations from first-best rules are justified only by constraints on policy choice (which motivates what I call a “single dividend” approach to environmental policy), and taxes and emissions standards differ in ways which reflect the Le Chatelier principle. I also show how environmental taxes may lead to a catastrophic relocation of industry in the presence of agglomeration effects, although not necessarily if there is a continuum of industries which differ in pollution intensity. *An earlier version was presented as an invited plenary lecture to the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics Conference, Oslo, 1999.     

Evolution of the practices of human resource management in France towards a strategic model: rhetoric or reality?

This article analyses the evolution of the human resources management in France. The study attempts to understand the transformation of administrative practices of HRM towards strategic practices of HRM (SHRM) in the French context. It also shows the factors responsible for this change. The results of this study support the development in France of SHRM and the regression of administrative practices of HRM, although a third hybrid model of HRM seems to appear between both practices. This tendency towards SHRM is accentuated in large firms, quoted on the stock exchange, in services and finance sectors with international activities. This study confirms that the SHRM in France is reality rather than rhetoric.     

安徽矿业经济面临六个战略转变

本文在分析现状的基础上,提出了安徽矿业经济面临的六个战略性转变,即能源开发重点应由煤逐步向煤、气、电转变;矿产资源勘查开发重点应由金属矿产向非金属矿产转变;矿业经营应由粗放型向集约型经营转变;矿业经济应由原料型向产品型转变;矿产资源勘查投资体制向多元化转变;以矿业为主导产业的城市向多元化产业城市转变.     

基于水权交易和面源污染控制的农户灌溉施肥行为模型

将水权交易和面源污染控制有机结合,以种植面积、农业用水定额、污染物浓度为约束条件,运用边际分析方法建立农户灌溉施肥行为模型,分析水权交易和排污控制对农户行为的影响。结果表明:灌溉用水量与农作物价格成正相关,与交易水价和边际灌溉成本成负相关;一定范围内肥料施用量与农作物价格成正相关,与边际施肥成本或边际环境成本成负相关。模型证明,当农业用水定额内水权可交易时,水市场的存在和水价政策将激励农户减少灌水量,节约用水。     

试论长春保税物流中心的战略定位

长春保税物流中心是我省重点工程空港经济区保税物流配套区的核心项目,为了实现其战略定位目标,我们必须重点建设物流基地、开展物流业务,从而更好地使之成为吉林省铁路、陆路、航空的物流与贸易中转枢纽和重要平台,带动吉林省及东三省的开放与开发。     

我国银行业的市场结构与竞争行为

本文运用产业组织理论对我国银行业的结构、行为与市场绩效进行分析 ,认为目前我国银行业的市场结构具有较为明显的寡头垄断特征 ,国有产权占绝对垄断地位。国有银行的垄断来自传统惯性、行业进入管制与较高的退出壁垒。从行业集中度指标判断 ,我国银行业现存的产业化进程迟滞、行业规模不经济、国有商业银行盈利能力下降等因素制约着整个银行业市场绩效的提高。一旦政策性进入壁垒放开 ,高效的进入者将对原行业成员构成强有力的竞争威胁。同时 ,法律规制不力、信用低下、信息不对称、激励约束机制不健全等制度框架 ,导致银行业市场竞争不足、市场行为异化。要解决上述诸多问题需要各方的共同努力。     

农民旅游者出游特征、影响因素及对策——以浙江省为例

在我国大力发展乡村旅游的同时,人们往往只重视农村居民作为旅游产品的生产者,却忽视其同时也是旅游产品的消费者.目前,随着农村经济的平稳发展,尤其在沿海经济发达地区,农村居民人均可自由支配收入逐年上升,其旅游需求市场日益壮大.文章通过对浙江省11个地市进行抽样调查,在分析农民旅游者行为特征的同时,剖析其对出游的态度与动机,并对影响其出游决策的因素进行归类分析,最后提出相应对策.     

When will boards influence strategy? inclination × power = strategic change

While boards of directors are usually recognized as having the potential to affect strategic change in organizations, there is considerable debate as to whether such potential is typically realized. We seek to reconcile the debate on whether boards are typically passive vs. active players in the strategy realm by developing a model that specifies when boards are likely to influence organizational strategy and whether such an influence is likely to impel vs. impede change. Specifically, we develop arguments as to when certain demographic and processual features of boards imply a greater inclination for strategic change, when these features imply a greater preference for the status quo, and how differences in such inclinations will influence strategic change. We then also propose that a board's inclination for strategic change interacts with a board's power to affect change, generating a multiplicative effect on strategic change. These ideas are tested using survey and archival data from a national sample of over 3000 hospitals. The supportive findings suggest that strategic change is significantly affected by board demography and board processes, and that these governance effects manifest themselves most strongly in situations where boards are more powerful. We discuss these findings in terms of their relevance for theories of demography, agency, and power. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.