碳税率策略下供应链成本与收入决策优化

物流运输中的碳排放是造成气候变暖的主要原因之一,因此制定合理的碳排放决策策略,进而降低物流过程中的碳排放,是当前供应链管理领域的热点研究问题之一。针对一个由供应商—中转站(回收中心)—经销商构成的三级供应链网络,在考虑碳税率策略的实施对供应链成本与收入影响的条件下,以供应链整体的成本与收入同时最优为目标,分别研究建立了“正向”和“正向+逆向”供应链网络相应决策问题的双目标混合整数规划模型,并设计了对应的求解方法。以某类型家电产品为例,用数值实验的方法验证了所建决策模型和求解方法的有效性。研究结果表明,制定合理的碳税率策略不仅会一定程度的增加供应链的整体收入,而且还会潜在增强供应链的市场竞争能力。该研究成果旨在为相关企业组织或联盟构建碳税率约束下的供应链整体最优运作方案提供合理的决策依据,亦可为政府相关部门制定碳税率政策提供科学的指导意见。     

Do real estate investors trade on momentum?

Real estate markets are known to be less-than-efficient for many reasons, but what roles short-term trading plays are unclear. Do short-term investors bring additional risk to the market and cause prices to deviate from fundamental values? Based on an extensive dataset of property transactions and a policy shock that substantially raised the cost of short-term trading in Hong Kong, we estimate ‘real estate risk’ with and without short-term trading based on return predictability, return volatility, and price dispersion. Our results show that as short-term investors exit the market, market returns are less predictable and less volatile, while prices are less dispersed cross-sectionally. Consistent with herding models in behavioral finance, the findings suggest that short-term investors are momentum traders who do not enhance price efficiency.     

房地产税收结构与房价关系的研究

近些年,房价问题引起社会普遍关注。本文通过建立面板数据模型,研究了不同地区的房地产税收对房价的影响。研究表明房地产税收对房价有影响,但各个税种在不同地区的影响效果和贡献度不同。因此,差别化房地产税收制度结构是当前房地产市场调控的关键。     

平均税率、标准税率与收入分布对个人所得税累进性的影响

运用中间累进性指标将个人所得税累进性的变化分解为标准税率的影响及收入分布的影响,对再分配效应变化也做了类似的分解,实证分析了我国2005~2011年个人所得税累进性及再分配效应的变化。结果显示,收入分布改变对于累进性的变化发挥主导作用,平均税率对于再分配效应的变化非常关键。因此,个人所得税的改革首先需要在分析居民收入分布的基础上进行,另外在累进性提高的同时也需十分关注税收规模的变化。     

浅谈个人所得税纳税筹划

21世纪,经济飞速发展,人们的收入水平也在不断的提高.但是,作为一名纳税义务人,依法纳税是我们必须遵守的,收入的提高也就意味着要多缴税,这样一来,原来增长的一部分收入由于要缴纳税金又剩下不多了.于是合理的进行个人所得税的纳税筹划越来越成为人们迫切的要求之一.本文的主要内容就是通过介绍纳税筹划的概念、内容及方法来研究和探讨个人所得税的筹划方法,其中包括避税筹划、节税筹划和转税筹划.指导我们如何在不违反国家税法规定的情况下,合理、有效、持续的节约个人所得税费用,达到收益最大化的目的.     

中国税制改革顶层设计问题研究

中国税制改革需要进行顶层设计,这主要涉及三个方面问题：确定宏观税负、优化税制结构和进行税种的配置与改革。本文就这几个问题,分析了其理论依据、主要内容,并提出相关政策建议和改革措施。     

税收风险识别方法与应用

实施税收风险管理是税收管理实践的内在要求。税收风险识别是税收风险管理的基础和关键环节,是最能体现＂信息管税＂和防范税收风险的环节,也是税收风险管理中难点所在。税收风险识别有方法可用。应厘清税收风险、细化风险识别内容、探究风险识别方法、设置风险模型,提高税收风险的识别能力,进而达到防范税收风险、提高纳税遵从度的目标。     

Tax without Design: Recent Developments in UK Tax Policy

This paper considers the development of tax policy in the UK over the last decade or so and assesses policy change against a low bar – consistency and coherence. While this government has followed some consistent policies – notably, in some aspects of corporation tax and in increasing the income tax personal allowance – there are few signs of a wider coherent strategy. The same has been true of other recent governments. Many aspects of the system have become more complex. There have been numerous policy reversals. And few of those aspects of the system in most need of reform have been tackled. The need for reform, and a clear strategy for reform, remain as pressing as ever.     

企业质量管理体系有效性评价研究

企业需要一种简便易行的质量管理体系有效性定量评价方法。本文从质量管理体系设计有效性和质量管理体系运行有效性两个方面提出了质量管理体系有效性评价指标体系,一级指标包括方针目标设计、过程设计、质量目标实现、产品质量、顾客满意和质量成本等方面。运用层次分析法设计了指标权重,提出了属性指标值的评分规则和计算方法。     

Covid-19, Economic Growth and South African Fiscal Policy

Following years of fast-rising debt levels, we show that the Covid-19 crisis worsened an already deteriorating fiscal position in South Africa. To restore fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the crisis some commentators argue that higher government expenditure will grow GDP sufficiently to stabilise the debt/GDP ratio. We reject this, showing that although a real increase in expenditure stimulates economic growth (a short-run, once-off effect), the public expenditure/GDP ratio exceeds the level at which an increase in the ratio positively impacts growth. We then explore the past efforts of government to maintain or restore fiscal sustainability by estimating a fiscal reaction function using a Markov-switching model. Following the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the budget, we subsequently establish the deficit, expenditure and revenue adjustments that the government will have to make to restore fiscal sustainability. Finally, we consider the merits of introducing a debt ceiling.