Durable goods and horizontal merger analysis

Merger analysis based on standard HHI calculations generally may not fully consider the impact of product durability and hence may significantly bias enforcement efforts. Using an inverse demand equation modified to include a shift parameter linked to the installed base, this paper develops a Durability Adjusted HHI (DAHHI) measure of concentration. DAHHI analysis exposes two potential biases in standard HHI analysis: excessive enforcement in durable goods industries is likely using standard HHI analysis, and Merger Guidelines' thresholds are set too high for non-durable goods industries and too low for durable goods industries. Using the DAHHI methodology, the paper proposes corrections to both biases.I wish to thank Miriam Culjak, John de Figueiredo, Greg Rosston, Brian Silverman, Pablo Spiller, David Teece, Oliver Williamson, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. Also, I wish to thank the Law and Economics Consulting Group for providing the opportunity to investigate this subject. All opinions and errors are the sole responsibility of the author.     

哈尔滨市城乡结合部土地利用结构成因及优化对策

不同城市由于职能定位不同,其城乡结合部形成了各具特色的土地利用结构。文章从哈尔滨市城乡结合部土地利用结构形成的机理和土地利用结构现状存在问题分析入手,选取哈尔滨市道外区民主乡这一典型的城乡结合地带为研究区域,以民主乡的现状数据为依据,运用线性规划模型,以SPSS和LINGO软件为计算手段,对这一特定地域的土地利用结构进行优化,分析优化结果,最后提出了相关的对策和建议。     

从辩证法的角度看物流经营

物流是社会经济的重要产业，起初它滞后于经济的整体发展。从辩证法角度来看，如果物漉不按经济规律运行。就成为经济发展的“瓶颈”。鉴于现代物流发展作为一门科学，这也正符合全球经济一体化的趋势。就物流发展的规律，从辩证法的角度作以分析、探讨，物流发展水平的高低已成为一个国家或地区乃至全社会经济发展的标志。     

Case study of agri-environmental payments: The United Kingdom

The Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) program, when launched in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1986, was the first agri-environmental program in the European Union (EU). This program grew to a total of 43 designated ESA schemes in the UK as a whole, 22 of which were in England. A variety of agri-environmental payments programs were created to supplement and complement the ESA schemes in years to follow. The most prominent of these in England was the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS), established in 1991. The CSS was available to farmers outside the ESAs, and like the ESA program, was intended to protect valued landscapes and habitats and to improve public enjoyment of the countryside. By 2003, over 10% of England's agricultural land was enrolled in either ESA or CSS agreements. These voluntary agreements were long-term contracts (usually for 10 years) between the government and farmers to provide environmental services. Several major evaluations of the ESA program and the CSS were conducted over the years, and the results of many of those evaluations and the lessons derived are synthesized and summarized in this article. Both the ESA program and the CSS proved to be generally effective in enrolling many farmers in the entry-level contract tiers, thereby halting or slowing degradation of rural landscape and other environmental features. However, the schemes did not generally offer sufficient economic incentives to attract high levels of enrollment in the intensive farming areas. Also, the schemes were limited in their success in enrolling farmers in higher payment tiers, tiers that required more substantial changes in farming practices. The high crop and livestock-related payments received by farmers under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) contributed to the disincentives to participate, especially in higher tiers. Following the latest (2003) reforms of the EU's CAP, England's ESA program and CSS are being replaced by a new, consolidated package of schemes that draws on lessons learned over the past 15-20 years with these two flagship programs.     

构建和谐税收征纳关系的探索与思考——基于昆山经验的调查分析

构建和谐的税收征纳关系是坚持科学发展观，建设社会主义和谐社会的重要组成部分。本文基于昆山地税系统的经验，阐述了构建和谐的征纳关系的一些见解和思考。     

The Gravity Equation in International Trade in Services

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of various factors on bilateral services trade, relative to that on bilateral goods trade. To accomplish this purpose, using the standard gravity model, we ran regressions on bilateral services trade and goods trade between 10 OECD member countries and other economies (including OECD member and nonmember countries) for the years 1999 and 2000. One main and interesting result is that services trade is better predicted by gravity equations than goods trade. Another interesting result is that there is a complementary relationship between goods exports and services imports. JEL no. F10, F20, L51, F80     

论工程项目中货物招标的实践经验

以规范招标投标活动为宗旨的《中华人民共和国招标投标法实施条例》于2012年2月1日起施行,对进一步规范货物招标投标活动具有重要意义.文章针对货物招标过程中需要注意的问题进行分析.     

Heinrich von Storch's innovative contributions to economics

Heinrich von Storch was a classical economist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century; he was of German descent and of Russian nationality; his main work was written in French. This paper tries to present the essence of Storch's innovative ideas and contrasts them with contemporary British and French economic thinking on value, land rent, foreign trade, money and currency, “inner goods,” and development. It is argued that Storch was an economist of moderate impact on literature but of high professional relevance.     

Cooperation through capacity sharing between competing forwarders

In this paper, we consider a shipping system consisting of one carrier and two shipping forwarders who compete on price for businesses from potential shippers. The carrier may quote different prices or a single price to the two shipping forwarders who will then order shipping capacity from the carrier and set the selling prices to the shippers before market uncertainties are revealed. Inspired by cooperation between competing parties in many industries including the maritime shipping industry, we propose a new model under which the shipping forwarders are allowed an opportunity to purchase shipping capacity from each other after they order capacity from the carrier but before they set the selling prices and satisfy demand, referred to as the capacity reservation model. We show analytically that capacity reservation between competing forwarders benefits both the carrier and the forwarders, leading to a win–win situation under various market conditions. Furthermore, capacity reservation can offset the negative effect of a carrier’s pricing power which enables the carrier to charge discriminatory shipping prices to squeeze more profits out of the forwarders.     

铁路物流中心成件包装货物仓库货区布置分析

铁路成件包装货物仓库货区以往设置的货物线大多数线路长度较短,仓库小,汽车场地窄,适应不了现代物流成件包装货物作业量大的要求,必须进行调整。为此对目前铁路物流中心成件包装货物仓库货区货物线的布置、仓库的设置以及汽车装卸侧场地的布置进行分析,以期合理优化布局。