Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement

This paper presents a framework that helps researchers to design and validate both formative and reflective measurement models. The framework draws from the existing literature and includes both theoretical and empirical considerations. Two important examples, one from international business and one from marketing, illustrate the use of the framework. Both examples concern constructs that are fundamental to theory-building in these disciplines, and constructs that most scholars measure reflectively. In contrast, applying the framework suggests that a formative measurement model may be more appropriate. These results reinforce the need for all researchers to justify, both theoretically and empirically, their choice of measurement model. Use of an incorrect measurement model undermines the content validity of constructs, misrepresents the structural relationships between them, and ultimately lowers the usefulness of management theories for business researchers and practitioners. The main contribution of this paper is to question the unthinking assumption of reflective measurement seen in much of the business literature.     

E篇：水运的发展对铁路运输的影响

回顾水运发展历程，分析水运特点及其适用范围，探讨水运发展趋势及对铁路运输的影响。     

管窥物流企业经营管理模式探讨

企业选择什么样的物流经营模式,主要取决于两个因素:其一是物流对企业成功的影响程度;其二是企业对物流的管理能力,初步探讨了企业物流的三种模式,即物流自营、物流外包、物流联盟,以及每种模式中常见的经营方式。企业物流经营就是企业为合理配置物流资源、有效提供物流服务、不断创造物流价值、谋求良好经济效益而理顺各种关系的活动过程。     

风流闲雅《珠玉词》

晏殊《珠玉词》之艺术特色,前人公认为风流闲雅,这一风格的形成主要得益于清新淡雅的意象、华美明丽的色彩、珠圆玉润的声韵、和谐动听的词调。     

互联网时代下的物流行业发展模式探讨

文章结合互联网和电子商务的特点和发展趋势，对物流行业现有的发展模式和过程进行分析，指出了传统模式下物流行业的发展特点和制约要素，最后结合国内垂直电子商务的发展状况，给出了使用互联网和垂直电子商务技术推进国内物流行业发展的基本思路，并就新模式运作过程中可能存在的问题进行了描述。     

Improving the business impact of foresight

Achieving an impact on business decision-makers with foresight does not appear to be an easy task. Therefore, the Macro Trends team at Deutsche Bank Research has formulated some criteria to guide foresight projects. They should aim to produce plausibility, provide convenience and inspiration as well as an appropriate time perspective with regard to the content of foresight results. In addition, a structured way of producing and delivering foresight, a seamless inclusion in organisational procedures, a high level of interaction with decision-makers, ideational entrepreneurship, innovation regarding communication with business people, and persistence and synchronisation with the business organisation are the key criteria for achieving a higher impact from foresight projects. To live up to these criteria, the Macro Trends team has developed a 'trend map' which provides a conceptual aggregation of trends - to provide orientation for decision-makers and stakeholders.     

黑龙江省企业技术创新模式的研究

技术创新模式的选择对于技术创新的成功起着决定性的作用。通过对黑龙江省企业技术创新现状进行分析，指出黑龙江省企业技术创新存在的问题，在借鉴海尔和中兴等知名企业技术创新模式的基础上，提出黑龙江省企业技术创新应选择：引进-消化吸收-模仿创新-二次创新-自主创新与合作创新的模式。     

Investment, credit, and endogenous cycles

This paper presents a general-equilibrium dynamic Ramsey-type model that can generate endogenous cycle. We assume two different representative agents, borrowers and lenders, and financial intermediaries with inside and outside money. We investigate under which conditions this model presents a cyclical relationship between capital and loans. The sources of endogenous fluctuations in this model come from a credit restriction in the representative-borrower problem.     

谈新经济条件下的企业管理

随着我国加入WTO日程的日益临近和全球新经济时速的不断加快 ,决定企业制胜的因素较多 ,但讲究管理 ,尤其是科学的、创新的管理是其他因素所不能取代和逾越的。本文首先从当前国际国内的管理理论和管理形势出发 ,阐述了新形势下管理的发展可能 ,并在此基础上 ,结合事例阐述了现代企业管理的七大特征。     

Government Failure in Urban Transportation

This paper assesses governmental performance in its investment, provision and regulation of urban transportation. Attention is given to public bus and rail transit and road transportation. Evidence based on urban transport in US cities reveals substantial allocative and technical inefficiencies that have led to large public transit deficits and severe highway congestion. I argue that it is futile to expect public officials to remedy the situation by pursuing more efficient policies such as congestion pricing and weighing costs and benefits when deciding transit service. The problem is that urban transportation policy is largely shaped by entrenched political forces that inhibit constructive change. The only realistic way to improve the system is to shield it from those influences and expose it to market forces by privatising it. This position is supported by empirical evidence based on simulations for the US and the UK's early experience with privatisation.