A number‐of‐modes reference rule for density estimation under multimodality

We consider kernel density estimation for univariate distributions. The question of interest is as follows: given that the data analyst has some background knowledge on the modality of the data (for instance, ‘data of this type are usually bimodal’), what is the adequate bandwidth to choose? We answer this question by extending Silverman's idea of ‘normal‐reference’ to that of ‘reference to a Gaussian mixture’. The concept is illustrated in the light of real data examples.     

Travel and tourism competitiveness index: The impact of air transportation,railways transportation,travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism

The objective of the study is to examine the impact of air transportation, railways transportation, travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism in a panel of 19 tourists - oriented countries, over a period of 1990–2014. By applying principal component analysis, the study constructs travel and tourism competitiveness index for inbound and outbound tourism. The main constructs of inbound tourism index include international tourists' arrival, tourism receipts, receipts of passengers' transports items and travel items while the constructs of the outbound index include international tourists' departure, tourism expenditures, and expenditures for passengers transport and travel items. The result of panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) regression shows that the presence of air transportation, railways transportation, and trade openness positively affect inbound tourism index, while travel and transport services negatively affect tourism competitiveness index. The causality results confirm the bidirectional relationship between inbound tourism, air transportation, railways passengers carried, trade openness and travel and transport services, while there is a unidirectional causality running from inbound index to railway goods transported, from air transport freight to trade factor, and from travel services to air transport freight. Outbound tourism index confirmed the bidirectional causality relationship with air transportation, railways transportation, and travel and transport services, while the causality running from outbound index to trade factor, from air transport passenger carried to travel services, and from railway goods transported to trade and transport services, which support the unidirectional causality relationship between them. The variance decomposition results show that air transportation freight is the contributor that largely influences inbound-outbound tourism, while railways passengers carried and trade openness has the least share to influence inbound and outbound tourism index for the next 10-year period. The impulse response function indicates that air transportation, railways transportation, trade openness and travel services will positively impact on inbound truism while travel and transport services will positively affect outbound tourism for the next 10-year period. The study concludes with the importance of transportation sector that deem desirable to promote tourism worldwide. The concentration of different modes of transportation including air transportation, railways transportation, and travel and transport system would helpful to advance international tourism.     

The influence of neighborhood environment and household travel interactions on school travel behavior: an exploration using geographically-weighted models

Professional and popular interest in active school transportation (walking and cycling) is matched by an emerging literature on this topic. This paper explores school travel behavior of 11-year old children in Toronto, Canada. In particular, the effects of the neighborhood environment and caregiver-child travel interactions on travel mode choice were studied. Results indicate that the built environment near both home and school locations was associated with the odds of walking. However, predicted built environment effects were less accurate in some neighborhoods. Availability of adults at the time of school travel likely encouraged driving. School transportation interventions that broadly consider school and neighborhood-oriented policies and enable independent mobility may increase walking rates. Presence of spatial autocorrelation in the prevalence of walking suggests that more research is required to understand inter-household similarities in behaviors that are spatially structured.     

交通运输投资宏观经济效应分析——基于乘数模型的应用

文章基于乘数理论及投资乘数模型对交通运输投资宏观经济效应进行分析,设置了边际交通消费倾向,并推导出交通最终消费需求模型;运用交通消费倾向,证明了交通运输发展对推动产业结构优化的作用和缩小地区差距的功能。     

A strategic approach to improve sustainability in transportation service procurement

This paper focuses on the procurement of full truck-load transportation service with the view to ensuring sustainability in transport logistics. The carrier assignment problem (CAP) involved in truck load contract auction is studied using a complete enumeration method and heuristic approach. Performance of both methods is compared in terms of solution quality and computational time based on the results of sample problems considered. Also, the impact of combinatorial bidding on reducing empty haul in real world case is analyzed and environmental sustainability is achieved through reduction in carbon foot print.     

TEM4之作文错误分析及其对教学的反拨作用

学生写作中经常出现词汇、语法、措辞等方面的错误,教师在教学中应分析其错误形成的原因,正确对待其错误,努力改进教学方法和评价手段,鼓励学生自主学习,以提高学生文化修养和作文质量。     

错误分析理论在高校英语听力课中的应用

错误分析是二语习得研究的重要内容,是了解学习者所掌握知识的重要信息来源.从错误分类入手,对英语学习者听力理解过程中的主要障碍进行测试并进行错误分析,在教学中设法提高学生的语音和语感,在课堂训练中抓住重点信息,有助于提高学生的听力理解能力.     

优化外商直接投资结构的研究——基于行业FDI数据的VAR模型

根据1990—2010年全国国内生产总值（GDP）、FDI在制造业的投资额（FM）、FDI在服务业的投资额（FS）、FDI在房地产业的投资额（FRE）及在教育领域的投资额（FE）的统计数据进行基于VAR模型的实证分析,认为长期看,外商在制造业的投资额（FM）和在服务业的投资额（FS）的增加导致全国GDP的增加,外商在房地产业的投资额（FRE）以及在教育领域的投资额（FE）与GDP反向变动;短期看,对全国经济发展的短期影响程度由高到低,依次是FDI在服务业的投资额（FS）、在制造业的投资额（FM）和在教育领域的投资额（FE）以及在房地产业的投资额（FRE）。建议以国务院颁布的《外商投资产业指导目录》为导向,积极利用外资及优化外商投资结构,在发挥外资对我国经济的积极推动作用的同时尽量减少外资的负面影响。     

经济转型期交通运输企业财务管理中存在的问题及对策

文章提出了经济转型期交通运输企业在财务管理中存在的诸多问题,比如财务管理目标定位没有突出核心价值等,并有针对性地提出了对策,希望能够为经济转型期的交通运输企业提供借鉴。     

基于交通视角的新疆城市等级体系演变研究

通过主成分分析、集中度系数、非均衡系数以及改进的重力模型对新疆各城市的交通运输综合水平、复合流量的集中程度和基于复合流量的城市引力及引力节点分析,得出结论:①1985—2005年新疆城市交通运输综合水平变化明显,国道和北疆铁路沿线城市发展水平较高,发展水平较低的城市主要集中在南疆,且比较分散;②集中度系数波动明显,乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依、昌吉、阿克苏等城市对新疆客货流影响较大,而区域非均衡系数较低,呈现明显缩减的趋势;③受绿洲城镇发育程度和自然地理条件影响,各等级节点数量变化不大。乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依、昌吉、石河子在不同年份对新疆各城市的影响较为明显,节点等级较高。④基于交通视角的城市体系呈现出交通运输中心区域不断强化,二级节点城市变化明显,经过20年的演变,基本形成了以乌鲁木齐都市圈为核心,以石河子为次级中心,以喀什和米泉为三级中心,以克拉玛依、伊宁、乌苏、库尔勒为重要节点的城市体系。