The Federal Budget and Social Reconstruction

Automakers are facing a growing process of financialization that can be characterized by the preference to value capital through financial activities as more profitable than by productive activities. The aim of this article is to study the financialization of the automotive industry by analyzing the five largest automakers in the world: Toyota, Volkswagen, Hyundai, General Motors (GM) and Ford. The profitability of financial activities was compared to that of productive activities; shareholder structure; share acquisitions; origin of top managers; compensation to executives; employee salaries; dividend payments to shareholders and employment. The results showed that increasingly more financial activities are fundamental to businesses dominated by major shareholders. Dividend payments have shown compliance to shareholder value maximization principles. Compensation to executives has shown that there is a layer of highly paid top managers, while in the workforce, salaries are below the average of the countries in which the automakers operate. The proportion of times that a CEO’s earnings outweigh the average earnings of less skilled workers is hundreds of times. Employment has been changing, with significant increases in China, for instance. This article aims to improve the knowledge of this important sector of world industry and contribute to development of economic sociology.     

浅论教育的经济效益

宏观教育学形成于20世纪60年代,宏观教育学对各国教育决策和教育实践产生了重大影响.宏观教育学直接研究教育的基础性、全面性、前瞻性、知识产生与社会经济的相互作用及其规律.集中论述教育的经济效益是宏观教育经济学的核心概念,从这一理论的兴起、发展和成熟三个阶段论述宏观教育经济学的研究发展过程,并就宏观教育经济学的研究对象进行全面阐述.而对教育经济效益的定义、内容及特性,以及教育投资对经济增长的计算方法做了剖析和比较.     

供应链核心企业社会责任研究——以复杂网络理论为视角

核心企业往往通过制定不合理契约将社会责任风险转移到供应链中的相关利益方.通过复杂网络理论构建核心型供应链网络拓扑结构模型,对核心型供应链网络中社会责任风险传播的非线性动力学行为进行分析,研究表明:一方面,由于供应链网络具有非线性的特点,导致社会责任风险在整个供应链网络中涌现,最终严重影响到核心企业以及供应链的适应性成长;另一方面,核心企业在供应链网络中具有较高的度,对供应链网络的稳定性起到决定性作用.因此,有必要通过强化核心企业的社会责任主导作用来实现供应链社会责任治理.     

产品缺陷责任与产品瑕疵责任比较研究

产品缺陷责任和产品瑕疵责任是产品质量责任中两个比较容易混淆的概念。我国法律并未对二者作出明确的区分,导致实践中产生很多问题。因此,明确产品缺陷责任和产品瑕疵责任的联系与区别,对恰当地处理因产品质量问题导致的侵害案件,从而更好的保护消费者的权益,促进社会的和谐、稳定与发展,都显得尤为重要。     

综合性社会契约视角下的社会责任投资决策

社会责任投资起源于20世纪60年代西方社会,它是企业社会责任的一种实践活动。目前在欧美等发达国家,社会责任投资已逐渐成为一种主流基金投资模式,并为越来越多的投资者所认可,而在我国,对社会责任投资尚处于了解阶段。综合性社会契约理论是美国学者多纳得森和邓菲于1994年提出的一个将企业社会责任和社会伦理相衔接的重要理论。文章介绍和评析这两个理论并尝试建立基于综合性社会契约理论的社会责任投资模型,希望借此对投资者进行社会责任投资决策产生一定的理论指导。     

试论扩大民间消费与经济的发展——基于农村消费市场的分析

长期以来,我国的经济发展在很大程度上靠出口拉动,对国民经济增长贡献率最低的是消费。2008年金融危机以来,我国的贸易出口增速下降、顺差缩小、产品出口受到严重影响。拉动经济必须扩大消费,我国农村市场需求广大,对拉动消费及发展经济有重要的作用。     

中国各地区就业质量测算与评价

基于公开出版的官方的统计年鉴数据,本文构建了一个包括了6个维度指标、20个二级指标和50个三级指标的就业质量评价指标体系,使用主成分分析法对中国大陆30个省份的就业质量状况进行了测算。结果表明,在2007年、2008年这两个年份,除少数经济发达省份外,全国就业质量的总体水平不高,大部分省份的就业质量指数较低;地区间就业质量差异明显,发展不协调;随着经济发展,地区间就业质量差异逐步缩小。由于就业环境改善是提高就业质量的基础,所以实现经济发展向高就业、高报酬、高消费型发展方式的转变,加快中西部地区经济发展,逐步缩小地区间经济发展水平的差异,是缩小就业质量差异的根本途径。同时,还应加强人力资本投资;切实保障劳动者权益,促进三方协商机制的实施;必须通过完善相关制度建立地区间、城乡间高效一体的劳动力市场,这是实现平等就业,促进和谐发展的必然选择。     

On the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the UAE: a bootstrap approach with leveraged adjustments

The emerging market of the UAE has chosen attracting international tourism as one of the main strategies during the recent decades in order to diversify its economy. The main goal has been to achieve sustainable growth without overreliance on the volatile oil sector. This article investigates the impact of tourism on economic performance in the UAE by using bootstrapped causality tests with leverage adjustments. The results show that the tourism-led growth hypothesis can be supported empirically. Thus, the conducted policy by the UAE government to promote international tourism for achieving economic growth might be considered as a sustainable strategy.     

Cattle as a consistently resilient agricultural commodity

This study compares a range of agricultural commodities over periods of varying economic circumstances. These commodities are examined over three categories, including returns, risk, and contribution to portfolio optimisation. Consistency in these categories is determined over four equal three-year stages which comprise pre-GFC (Global Financial Crisis), GFC, post-GFC and post-post GFC. To demonstrate resilience in the most extreme circumstances, the study uses Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR), which measures extreme risk in the tail of a distribution, as the risk measure and risk-return optimiser. The study thus provides a unique and comprehensive extreme-risk based focus which identifies and ranks the consistency of performance of agricultural commodities over a range of criteria and conditions. Cattle commodities consistently demonstrate the strongest overall performance in the categories examined.     

论财产权利的两面性

财产权利具有两面性,一方面它是反对专制特权、增进个人自由以及促进市场经济效率的有效手段;另一方面在没有任何制度制约的情况下,财产权利的垄断极易导致对劳动者权利的侵犯。因此,我们应当在社会公正和平等目标的指导下,通过增强政府、工会组织以及工人自身力量的权力制衡方法规范财产权利的作用方式,遏制其消极作用的发挥。