A “New Approach” to Standards and Consumer Protection

As consumer use of information and communication technology (ICT) products grows, the importance of ICT standards in consumer markets also grows. While standards for manufactured products were once developed at the national level in formal standards bodies, standards for ICT products today are more likely to be developed by informal standards bodies that target global markets, creating new challenges for national consumer protection laws. As part of the process of creating a single market, the EU developed an innovative and successful form of “coregulation” known as the “New Approach” that coordinated the work of legislators and standards developers to reduce technical barriers to trade in the internal market. In order to protect consumer interests in markets for ICT products effectively, another “New Approach” is needed to coordinate the work of global ICT standard-developing organizations with the goals of national and regional consumer protection laws, but the institutional challenges facing such a strategy are daunting. The French DADVSI legislation represents progress in this direction; further progress may be possible by adopting “better regulation” strategies.

衡山自然保护区生态旅游发展的SWOT分析

生态旅游作为一种新兴的旅游形式,已引起了旅游界的广泛重视,它必将成为21世纪国际国内旅游业发展的主导形式。自然保护区为生态旅游发展提供了很好的生态本底条件,理应积极发展生态旅游。为此运用SWOT方法,分析南岳衡山自然保护区发展生态旅游的优势、劣势、机会与威胁,并提出了南岳衡山生态旅游发展的战略构思。     

TRIPs约束下的国际技术转移

《与贸易相关的知识产权协议》的签订一定程度上强化了发展中国家的知识产权保护，使技术的国际转移更多地通过贸易而非FDI的形式进行，同时，也使发展中国家的短期静态收益受损，充分利用TRIPs中的一些条款是发展中国家发展本国技术能力的重要条件。     

Tariff-jumping antidumping duties

This paper examines the tariff-jumping response of all firm and product combinations subject to US antidumping investigations from 1980 to 1990 using a newly constructed database. Previous studies have focused only on Japanese FDI responses to antidumping protection and found large tariff-jumping responses. In contrast, this paper finds quite modest tariff-jumping responses and the evidence suggests that tariff-jumping is only a realistic option for multinational firms from industrialized countries. This may partially explain developing countries’ concerns about addressing AD protection in the WTO. Despite high tariff-jumping responses, there is no evidence of a Japanese-specific propensity to tariff-jump, holding other economic factors constant.     

国际贸易自由化背景下贸易保护的新趋势及动因分析

在当前世界贸易越来越自由化的总体趋势下,贸易保护主义也在以新的形式滋生和发展,引起理论界广泛关注。根据考察了近年来国际贸易保护的新趋势,并在此基础上从一般和特殊两个角度对其成因进行了理论综述。     

Subsidizing rent-seeking: Antidumping protection and the Byrd Amendment

This paper argues that a recent U.S. law, which distributes the tariff revenue resulting from successful antidumping petitions to firms that supported the petitions, increases the amount of antidumping protection requested by U.S. firms in two ways. First, by increasing the total benefits accruing to industries filing successful petitions, the law subsidizes rent-seeking. Second, by awarding these subsidies only to those firms that actively support the petition, it mitigates the free rider problem traditionally associated with collective actions. Empirical results provide strong evidence that industries have filed more antidumping petitions under the new law. Moreover, the average proportion of firms in the industry filing these petitions increased under the law, suggesting that the law at least partially alleviates free riding incentives.     

The economic effects of withdrawn antidumping investigations: is there evidence of collusive settlements?

This paper analyzes the effects of antidumping cases initiated from 1990 to 1997 that ended in withdrawn petitions without a suspension agreement or voluntary restraint agreement. Monthly import data are used to estimate the price and quantity effects of the withdrawn cases. The estimated effects of the petition being withdrawn do not support the accepted wisdom that withdrawn petitions are a signal of collusion. This is an important issue, since out-of-court settlements of unfair trade cases which restrict quantities or increase prices are not only welfare reducing but are also actionable under the antitrust laws; they are not exempt under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine.     

论我国循环经济法律体系的构建

发展循环经济需要法律的支持和保障。从目前情况看,就是要结合我国国情,加快研究建立和健全循环经济的法律法规体系。我国目前虽有一些与循环经济有关的法规,但有些新的理念没有纳入其中,体系尚不健全,执法和监督机制也不完善。完整的循环经济法律体系应包括基本法、综合法和专门法三部分。基本法规定发展循环经济的原则、目标和指导思想等;综合法是对基本法的细化,也是对各专门法中涉及的共同问题或基础性问题的综合性规范;专门法是对各个行业的具体规定,应强调可操作性,体现着基本法和综合法的内容。另外,地方也可以根据各自的情况制定相应的循环经济法规。     

网络虚拟财产应受法律保护

网络虚拟财产是在智力劳动的基础上形成的,可以用金钱货币购买的主要存在于网络世界中的财产,具有财产属性和价值。网络虚拟财产虽然存在于无形的网络中,是虚拟的,但又是客观存在的事物,是现实生活中财产的另一种存在形式,它们应该被法律加以认可,并依靠法律来调整,以保护网民的合法权益。     

试论风景资源开发中的政府规制

根据规制经济学的一般原理，分析了风景名胜区资源开发与保护中政府规制的必要性，以及既定风景资源产权制度安排和管理体制下政府规制所面临的诸多难题。提出了风景名胜区规制改革基本思路：规制权力集中、规制激励适度、引入竞争机制、强化行政约束、发挥监督作用。