基于政府职能转变的绩效审计研究

政府部门绩效审计的根本推动力量来源于政府职能的转变。立足科学发展，将实施绩效审计纳入政府职能转变之中。多方位和谐推进，解决实施绩效审计时出现的问题。     

A Stochastic Frontier Production Function with Flexible Risk Properties

This paper considers a stochastic frontier production function which has additive, heteroscedastic error structure. The model allows for negative or positive marginal production risks of inputs, as originally proposed by Just and Pope (1978). The technical efficiencies of individual firms in the sample are a function of the levels of the input variables in the stochastic frontier, in addition to the technical inefficiency effects. These are two features of the model which are not exhibited by the commonly used stochastic frontiers with multiplicative error structures.An empirical application is presented using cross-sectional data on Ethiopian peasant farmers. The null hypothesis of no technical inefficiencies of production among these farmers is accepted. Further, the flexible risk models do not fit the data on peasant farmers as well as the traditional stochastic frontier model with multiplicative error structure.     

A review and validation of overall survival extrapolation in health technology assessments of cancer immunotherapy by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: how did the initial best estimate compare to trial data subsequently made available?

Background: Validation of overall survival (OS) extrapolations of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Single Technology Assessment (STA) process is limited due to data still maturing at the time of submission. Inaccurate extrapolation may lead to inappropriate decision-making. The availability of more mature trial data facilitates a retrospective analysis of the plausibility and validity of initial extrapolations. This study compares these extrapolations to subsequently available longer-term data.

Methods: A systematic search of completed NICE appraisals of ICIs from March 2000 to December 2017 was performed. A targeted search was also undertaken to procure published OS data from the pivotal clinical trials for each identified STA made available post-submission to NICE. Initial Kaplan-Meier curves and associated extrapolations from NICE documentation were extracted to compare the accuracy of OS projections versus the most mature data.

Results: The review identified 11 STAs, of which 10 provided OS data upon submission to NICE. The extrapolations undertaken considered parametric or piecewise survival models. Additional data cut-offs provided a mean of 18 months of OS beyond the end of the original data. Initial extrapolations typically under-estimated OS from the most mature data cut-off by 0.4–2.7%, depending on the choice of assessment method and use of the manufacturer- or ERG-preferred extrapolation.

Conclusion: Long-term extrapolation of OS is required for NICE STAs based on initial immature OS data. The results of this study demonstrate that the initial OS extrapolations employed by manufacturers and ERGs generally predicted OS reasonably well when compared to more mature data (when available), although on average they appeared to underestimate OS. This review and validation shows that, while the choice of OS extrapolation is uncertain, the methods adopted are generally aligned with later-published follow-up data and appear appropriate for informing HTA decisions.     

新古典生产函数的质疑与货币量值的生产函数

新古典理论以生产函数和效用函数为基础,建立了技术关系的稀缺资源有效配置理论,其核心是表明商品和要素稀缺性的相对价格.生产函数在微观尚可应用,但并不能用于解释总量经济和经济增长与波动问题.尤其是总供给完全取决于实物生产函数的投入产出关系,这与总需求分析所采用的货币支出是不协调的.货币量值的生产函数的推导表明,总供给只是企业的货币成本函数而不联系到技术上的投入产出关系,而所有的国民收入核算中的货币量值都只是表明人们经济关系的名义变量而与实物的技术关系或生产函数是完全无关的.     

综合素质与语言能力:高职英语教学的育人功能研究

高职英语教育教学改革要坚持以人为本的育人理念,注重学生英语综合运用能力的培养和综合素质的提升.文章以福建金融职业技术学院的教育质量问卷调查结果统计为依据,结合目前大学英语教育教学及改革的现状,从更新教育理念,改革教学模式、优化课堂教学三方面进行阐述,来探讨高职英语教育应如何改革才能更好地实现其育人功能.     

企业竞争中的博弈分析

竞争对消费者有利,对企业不利;竞争者越多对消费者越有利,对企业来说则相反.同时,竞争对消费者和企业的影响程度可以量化.     

制度选择中的政府行为模型分析

运用新制度经济学的研究方法,对政府行为主体的作用进行分析,构建了一个政府行为模型,同时对政府行为的制度功能进行了说明。     

基于VB解初等超越方程的一种精确算法

将超越函数用其幂级数展开式的前n项和近似代替,将超越方程的求解转化为代数方程的求解问题,避免了很多复杂的数学计算.文章结合二分法基于VisulBasic6.0语言编写了求解代数方程的程序,其求解精确度远远高于用Mathmatica计算软件所计算的结果.     

我国中小企业信用担保体系存在的问题与对策

融资难一直是制约中小企业发展的瓶颈。解决的关键是建立中小企业信用担保体系。我国目前中小企业信用担保体系处在初级阶段,功能十分有限。在进一步规范、做强、做大信用担保机构的基础上,尽快建立体系完善、功能强大的中小企业信用担保体系,提供更多的融资支持,提升中小企业竞争力和发展活力,带动国民经济发展,已成为当务之急。     

论公司财务的价值创造功能

生产要素经过市场交易过程被企业购入之后,变为要素资本;各种要素资本的价值及其增值形成企业的财务价值。决策人的要素资本偏好结构是根据个人偏好对方案集合中的方案进行对比并区分优劣或大小,最终排列各方案的优劣次序。为了描述决策人对确定性后果的偏好程度,应建立序数价值函数、可测价值函数和财务效率等概念,从而建立要素资本价值函数,找出公司财务创造价值的机理。