清代中后期怀庆药商的地域经营

明清时期,全国地域商帮异军突起,形成了一支势力庞大的商人群体.河南也在清代中后期诞生了自己的特色商帮--怀庆商帮,他们是以经营怀药和铁货为主的商人集团.其中,怀庆药商活动范围最大,影响程度最广,在河南禹州、开封、周口、河内(今沁阳)及外地的北京、天津、汉口、祁州(今河北安国)、樟树镇、济宁等地都组建了会馆.怀庆药商不仅经营本地的怀药,还收购四川、广州的特色药材,从事加工出口,在各大药材市场和水陆交通地区设立自己的分号,统筹总号与分号的关系,快速掌握市场信息,垄断药材经营,且以管理严格著称,因而在药材经营中立于不败之地.     

珠江上游流域环境退化及生态重建的社会工程途径分析

珠江上游地区是西南少数民族主要聚居中心之一,是珠江流域最重要的生态屏障区,同时也是我国喀斯特发育中心区和西部地区国家级、省级重点扶贫开发区.由于人口激增,人地矛盾突出,森林覆盖率锐减,加剧了水土流失及土壤侵蚀,垦殖率高居不下,进而加速石漠化进程,当前和今后相当长时期内,生态债务沉重,潜在威胁巨大.解决珠江上游流域岩溶区域的生态重建问题,自然科学的生态重建各项技术固然重要,社会工程途径更是一种治标也治本的根本性措施.     

岷江上游生态脆弱性的模糊评价

岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障,由于自然条件和人为活动的影响,成为典型的生态脆弱区.通过选取反映该地区生态脆弱性的14个代表性指标,根据四川省和全国的对比结果拟定了相应的分级和评价标准,并采用模糊综合评价法对其生态脆弱度进行了评价,结果表明:该区域处于高度脆弱状态,应大力加强岷江上游生态脆弱区的整治.     

Application of upper echelon theory for corporate social responsibility dimensions: Evidence from the restaurant industry

ABSTRACT

This study applies upper echelon theory and validates its conceptual framework by investigating chief executive officers’ observable determinants (e.g., the age, tenure, and formal education of top managers) of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the restaurant industry. Multiple CSR dimensions (e.g., operational, non-operational, community, diversity, employee, environment, and product) are examined through fixed effects regression. The results indicate that older and highly educated CEOs who serve more stakeholders perform fewer CSR activities, whereas longer tenured CEOs who serve more stakeholders perform more CSR activities. Consequently, non-operational, community-, diversity-, employee-, and environment-related CSR activities are significantly explained by the proposed attributes. By validating both the theoretical perspectives of upper echelon theory and the role of stakeholder demands in CSR decisions, this research can contribute to expanding the CSR and upper echelon literature to the restaurant industry.     

Follow the leader (or not): The influence of peer CEOs’ characteristics on interorganizational imitation

Research Summary: We argue that because charisma and narcissism represent widely held prototypes of effective and ineffective forms of leadership, respectively, the likelihood that a focal firm will imitate the practices of its peer firms is affected by these peer firms’ CEO characteristics. We theorize that peer firm CEO charisma enhances the focal firm’s imitation of peer firms’ behaviors, while peer firm CEO narcissism diminishes it. We further posit that the uncertainty of the context affects these imitation processes: industry dynamism and prior experience in a given strategic domain, respectively, strengthens and dampens focal firms’ susceptibility to these peer CEOs’ attributes. We test and find support for these ideas using a longitudinal sample of Fortune 500 firms in two distinct domains, corporate strategy and corporate social responsibility. Managerial Summary: When companies are uncertain about the costs and benefits of strategic actions this may lead them to imitate the actions of peer companies. But given the uncertainty, the challenge for executives is: which companies to emulate and which to ignore? In a sample of Fortune 500 companies, we find that the charisma or narcissism of a peer company’s CEO positively or negatively influences, respectively, the degree to which the peer company’s strategic actions are imitated. We reason that this is because these particular CEO attributes are widely believed to drive leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness, respectively. We also find that the effects of these CEO characteristics on imitation are stronger in dynamic industry environments and weaker for companies that already have experience with the given strategy.     

市场经济与民主政治

市场经济与民主政治之间存在着某种内在的和必然的联系,市场经济要求政治民主,市场经济的有序运行有赖于民主政治的保障.市场经济、民主政治形成于资本主义国家,市场经济对民主政治有积极作用,也有负面影响.我国要建设有中国特色的社会主义市场经济和民主政治.     

The Mediating Effects of Managerial Skills on the Relationship Between Managerial Values,Ethical Leadership,and Organizational Reputation

Drawing on the upper echelons theory, this study examines the mediating effects of managerial skills on the relationship between managerial values, ethical leadership, and organizational reputation. Data were obtained from 209 manufacturing companies in the People’s Republic of China. Regression results reveal that (1) managerial values positively affect ethical leadership and organizational reputation and (2) managerial skills mediate the effects of managerial values on ethical leadership, and on organizational reputation. The study sheds light on the mechanisms through which managerial self-transcendence values but not self-enhancement values affect ethical leadership and organizational reputation.     

川西北高原藏区贫困化地域分异机制研究

目的 川西北高原藏区是贫困人口聚集区和脱贫攻坚的主战场,开展贫困化地域分异机制研究巩固脱贫成果与乡村振兴具有重要的理论意义,然而对贫困化地域分异机制仍然难以准确理解。方法 文章应用地理探测器、空间自相关和GIS空间分析等模型,探究川西北高原藏区贫困化分异的主导因素,揭示影响因素对农村贫困化地域分异和贫困发生率变化的交互影响,确定影响贫困变化的各主要因子适宜特征。结果 （1）农村贫困化的空间分布存在三大热点区域和三小热点区域;高—高聚集（HH）、低—低聚集（LL）、低—高聚集（LH）异常值区域。（2）GDP密度、年降水量、湿润指数、人均耕地、人口密度、总辐射等6个因子是农村贫困化地域分异的主导因子。（3）农村贫困化分异机制差异显著,存在自然制约型、交通制约型、经济制约型和社会制约型等4种类型。（4）各因子之间呈相互增强和非线性增强关系,两种因子的交互作用增强单因子对贫困化的影响,研究揭示的影响贫困发生率各主要因子最适宜特征,有助于更好地理解不同维度因素对贫困发生率影响及其驱动机制,为巩固扶贫成果提供参考依据。结论 川西北高原藏区农村贫困化地域分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,进入后扶贫时代,应当对热点地区、主导因素和不同类型贫困村进行精准施策,加快基础设施建设,发展特色农牧业和旅游业,构建多种产业模式。