The Prosecution of Public Figures and the Separation of Powers. Confusion within the Executive Branch – A Conceptual Framework

Criminal investigation and prosecution of politicians, top civil servants and other public figures are topics frequently discussed in the media. The nature of the investigating or prosecuting authority varies between countries – from the general public prosecutor, through magistrates to independent counsels or parliamentary investigation commissions. This paper analyzes the role and status of public prosecutors within the separation of powers-concept. Prosecutors are usually part of the executive and not the judicial branch, which implies that they do not enjoy the same degree of independence as judges, and are ultimately subordinated to the directives of the minister of justice or the government. Conflicts of interest may hence arise if members of government can use the criminal process for their own or partisan interests. The incentives of public prosecutors in different jurisdictions are compared.     

生态位理论及其在生态经济规划中的应用

生态经济规划是生态经济建设的重要组成部分。本文根据区域经济发展与资源环境条件的关系，初步探讨了生态位理论在生态经济规划中的应用。     

Asset Specificity and Vertical Integration

Asset specificity is usually considered to be an argument for vertical integration. The main idea is that specificity induces opportunistic behavior, and that vertical integration reduces the cost of preventing opportunism. In this paper I show that asset specificity can be an argument for non‐integration. In a repeated‐game model of self‐enforcing relational contracts, it is shown that when parties are non‐integrated, increasing degrees of asset specificity make it possible to design relational contracts with higher‐powered incentives.     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF NATURAL MONOPOLY

Abstract. This paper examines two important recent developments in the theory of natural monopoly, or more generally the theory of market structure. The first is a series of papers, involving Baumol with various co-authors, investigating the theory of industry structure, whilst the second is particularly associated with the names of Shaked and Sutton, and the relationship they develop between product differentiation and industry structure. The paper surveys and to some extent contrasts these two new approaches.
Baumol et al. 's contribution is seen to be in the area of clarifying the concept of natural monopoly, refining the definitions of multiproduct costs, and developing a notion of social efficiency applicable to industries where economies of scale are important. Shaked and Sutton employ a new definition of natural monopoly unrelated to market size and utilize information about consumers'income distributions to develop their notion of vertical product differentiation and natural oligopoly.     

横向和纵向一体化下可替代产品库存比较研究

考虑单向替代的两产品情况,比较分析了在横向一体化和纵向一体化条件下,由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链企业的收益问题,并进行了数值仿真,得到了一些有益的结论。     

省级以下土地垂直管理及实施难度研究

阐述土地管理机构垂直管理是满足现阶段市场经济要求的有效管理体制，符合当前行政管理体制改革中垂直管理渐强的趋势。实行机构垂直领导体制是统一当前国土资源管理的基本要求，是当前市场经济阶段处理中央与地方关系，加强中央宏观调控能力和防范经济风险的必然选择。新形势下的垂直管理在实施之初转变领导意识，正确处理国土资源管理部门与地方政府的关系，重视自身的权力监督与约束制度建设。     

Vertical Restraints and Market Access

This paper analyzes vertical restraints in relation to market access issues. In Section II we briefly review the recent three major trade conflicts between Japan and the USA in light of vertical restraints. In Section III we review the major policy lessons of the economics literature of vertical restraints, and analyze whether we need a special treatment for vertical restraints abroad for a market access reason. In Section IV we evaluate the policy options towards foreign foreclosure and suggest that nondiscriminatory application of foreign or home competition policy should be the mechanism to address such concern instead of trade policy actions such as voluntary import expansions.     

膜分离技术及其在废水处理中的应用

基于膜分离技术是一种新型高效的分离技术,且其过程无相变、能耗低、适应范围广,愈来愈为人们所重视,并在多个领域发挥着巨大的效能。介绍了膜分离技术的发展过程与现状,着重综述了近年来膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用,分析了存在的一些问题并对其发展趋势作了展望。     

逐步剥离:我国铁路重组合理组织边界的初步探讨

引入竞争、提高效率是我国铁路重组改革的重要目标指向，因此组织边界的确定以及与之相配套的竞争激励措施已成为重组模式选择的关键议题。本文以自然垄断和交易成本理论为指导，以竞争激励促进企业运行效率为依据，通过对世界各国多种重组模式的垄断与竞争格局进行比较分析，提出了用逐步剥离的方式逼近我国铁路重组合理组织边界的改革思路。     

On the Merits of Vertical Divestiture

This paper demonstrates that vertical divestiture may increase consumer welfare even when the divestiture eliminates substantial scope economies and precludes only limited sabotage. More generally, the merits of vertical divestiture are shown to vary with: (1) the type and the intensity of competition in the retail market; (2) the locus of scope economies under vertical integration; and (3) the relative social values of consumers’ surplus and profit.