Subprime governance: Agency costs in vertically integrated banks and the 2008 mortgage crisis

Research summary: This study uses the 2008 mortgage crisis to demonstrate how the relationship between vertical integration and performance crucially depends on corporate governance. Prior research has argued that the vertical integration of mortgage origination and securitization aligned divisional incentives and improved lending quality. We show that vertical integration improved loan performance only in those firms with strong corporate governance and that this performance‐integration relationship strongly decreases and actually reverses as governance quality decreases. We interpret these findings as suggesting that the additional control afforded by vertical integration can, in the hands of poorly monitored managers, offset gains from aligned divisional incentives. These findings support the view that corporate governance influences the strategic outcomes of a firm, in our case, by influencing the effectiveness of boundary decisions. Managerial summary: One of the unanswered questions of the 2008 mortgage crisis is why some firms produced toxic mortgages and others did not. Many have argued that vertically integrated banks—banks that both originated and securitized mortgages—had incentives to monitor themselves and thereby avoid overaggressive lending and outright fraud. Yet many of the worst lenders, such as Washington Mutual and New Century Financial, were in fact integrated. This study shows that the behavior of these firms critically depended on their corporate governance. We find that poorly monitored executives used their additional control over the integrated businesses to issue low quality loans that supported short‐term growth. Our results suggest that governance is a crucial prerequisite for financial services, particularly for firms whose managers control multiple, interrelated businesses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

制造业产业聚集与纵向分离的实证研究

探讨中国的制造业地理集中程度与纵向分离程度的关系。利用整理所得的产业区域资料,发现产业集聚中心的纵向分离程度,比产业集聚中心外的区域的纵向分离程度要高;而比较地理集中的产业,其产业聚集中心内外纵向分工程度的差异水平,高于整体制造业与地理不集中产业的差异水平。同时也发现,当产业地理集中度随着邻近同产业、相关产业与其他产业的就业人数增加而提高时,纵向分离程度也会随着提高。实证的结果进一步论证了,产业的地理集中,可以降低厂商在市场上的交易成本,进而提高交易效率与产业纵向分离程度。     

跨国公司产品内分工与我国的产业升级

20世纪90年代以来,跨国公司的全球化战略安排已经使产品内分工成为近年来国际分工理论的研究热点,它也是国际贸易理论的最新发展,产品内分工的产生存在诸多原因.我国在国际产品内分工中,相当大部分处于劳动密集型工序或区段,我们要按照动态比较优势原理,通过提高产品内分工的工序地位促进我国产业升级.     

Cooperation In R&D With Spillovers And Delegation Of Sales ∗

Cooperation in several phases of the innovation process is viewed by antitrust authorities with suspicion. They face the dilemma between providing the right incentives for the appro-priability of returns to R&D and the risks of diminishing product market competition. The current legislation in the European Union and the United States gives special treatment to cooperation in R&D and the joint exploitation of results (extended cooperation).

We study several collusive regimes for a class of examples in which vertical relations are explicitly introduced. Regarding antitrust policy implications we fmd that: a) there is an ana-lytical justification to a ‘rule of reason’ treatment for extended cooperation in research joint ventures and, b) individual exemptions, though restrictive of competition, might be welfare improving.     

FDI、融资约束与中国企业投资

基于扩展的企业投资行为欧拉方程,利用1999~2007年中国工业企业微观数据,采用动态面板方法,分析了FDI是否以及如何缓解中国企业投资融资约束问题。研究结果表明,中国企业投资普遍存在融资约束,私营企业、新企业、中高技术行业的融资约束更为明显;FDI主要通过行业垂直关联缓解融资约束,缓解作用对私营合资企业、新企业、中高技术企业更为明显;FDI通过缓解融资约束,促进了中国企业投资和经济增长。     

二元性失业的根源分析

从2008年开始，中国又一次面临比较沉重的就业压力，这次的就业压力具有其突出的特点，是在劳动力供给数量并未出现大幅度增长情况下的二元性失业。从表面上看，沉重的就业压力是以美国次贷危机为起点的世界性金融危机的结果，但其深层次原因却在于分工受阻导致的劳动力吸收能力下降，因此，为分工扩张创造更大的空间，采取以深化分工为导向的政策措施，提升分工水平是解决当前二元性失业问题的基本途径。     

阜康市白杨河水库施工期坝体内部变形资料简析

白杨河水库工程的主要开发任务是:在满足灌溉的前提下,向工业园区供水,同时兼顾防洪,是一座具有综合利用任务的水利工程。文章主要通过计算、分析大坝内部垂直、水平变形的监测资料,了解在施工期坝体内部的变形情况。     

防空导弹垂直发射技术的现状及趋势

本文介绍了防空导弹发射技术的现状,垂直发射技术的特点、发射方式和关键技术,国外采用垂直发射技术的几种防空导弹型号以及垂直发射技术的发展趋势。     

产品垂直差异、产品内分工与南北贸易

存在产品垂直差异和产品内分工的贸易模型可以更为深刻地考察南北贸易的模式及影响因素。其中,生产技术仍然是决定生产分工格局的重要决定因素,当其他条件保持不变时,如果南方生产技术水平提高,其将扩大生产范围,在保持生产原有质量产品的情况下,向更高质量产品的生产领域进军。而北方发生技术进步时,其生产范围将缩小,抛弃低质量产品的生产,专攻高质量产品的生产。当两国分别在不同的生产阶段发生技术进步时,基本变化趋势是使本国发生技术进步的生产阶段趋向高质量产品的生产。     

Corporate Venture Capital and Its Contribution to Intermediate Goods Firms in South Korea*

Set by government, corporate, financial and individual sources, venture capitalists in Korea have adapted themselves to the new and uncertain venture capital market through stand‐alone and syndicated investments. The present study raises questions about whether various financial sources contributed differentially to their portfolio firms during the market boom of 2000. Results show that no single capital source showed better performance, and only corporate venture capitalists contributed to intermediate goods firms. The latter finding might reflect the unique ability of corporate venture capitalists to use vertical value‐chain linkages for their investments.