中国对美出口贸易中的隐含碳排放——基于出口排名前十位货物的比较分析

通过利用EIO-LCA软件,我们对中国出口美国前十位货物的隐含碳进行分部门计算。结果认为:中国出口美国前十位货物的隐含碳总量约占总出口的75%以上.其中,隐含碳排放量较高的出口主要是:办公室机器和自动资料处理仪器、杂项制品、电信和录音及音响设备和仪器等三类产品;较低的主要集中于以提供生活消费品和制作手工工具为主的轻纺工业。     

论全球碳市场机制的完善及中国的对策选择

本文在全球气候变化的大背景下提出一个可以将世界各国都纳入到减排体系的金融创新方法,在对全球碳市场现状和问题进行分析的基础上,通过引入碳期权来完善碳市场机制,并进一步探讨碳期权的定价策略,提出中国融入全球碳市场机制以及参加国际气候谈判的对策建议。     

Research agenda for low-carbon mobility: Issues for New World cities

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon mobility (LCM) features strongly in debates about the sustainability of cities and their resilience in the face of demographic, economic, and climate change. Transport is a major source of carbon emissions and there are indications that these continue to increase, despite the considerable recent advances in vehicle, engine, and fuel technologies. Reducing carbon emissions from transport may become more difficult, not easier. A particular issue relates to the New World cities, typified by those of North America and Australasia, which largely developed from the latter half of the nineteenth century onward and whose transportation systems were largely based around private vehicle ownership and usage. These cities are typically composed of low-density, dispersed suburbs, which are highly car dependent and resource and carbon emission intensive. This article develops a research agenda directed at determining and testing policy and planning measures relevant to the quest for low carbon mobility in New World cities. It suggests a rich agenda for essential research on LCM. Much of this agenda falls within the realm of the integration of transport and land use, with attention to urban design details to enhance the perceptions of and opportunities to use low carbon transport alternatives. Research topics identified for LCM research include (1) urban design and land use–transport integration (LUTI), (2) low carbon mobility policies directed at achieving widespread behavior change, (3) opportunities for new technology and its application, including requirements for systems and infrastructure, and (4) analysis and tools for informed decision making, including modeling, measurement, visualization, and especially assessment.     

Developing energy conservation and carbon reduction indicators for the hotel industry in Taiwan

This study develops and weights energy conservation and carbon reduction (ECCR) indicators for the hotel industry in Taiwan to create an instrument to help address climate change. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior hotel managers, environmental specialists, and government officials to identify the preliminary ECCR framework. An expert panel then was invited to review the structure of ECCR criteria and the compiled criteria in a structure for item modification. An analytic network process questionnaire survey was employed to determine the relative weights of the criteria. The data analysis reveals seven categories in the ECCR framework: communication and participation, top management commitment, energy, water, waste, building, and purchasing. A total of 32 indicators were identified and prioritized in terms of their relative importance to ECCR contributions. The results of this study suggest that the success of ECCR implementation depends primarily on management support and staff engagement. Hotel operators can improve their environmental management by initiating ECCR practices based on the proposed ECCR indicators.     

国际碳信息披露及其对我国的启示

近年来,碳排放交易（Emission Trade Scheme,ETS）在国外得到了较快的发展。碳排放已成为影响企业经营决策的一个重要因素,同时也对企业的财务状况产生了深远的影响。如何反映和披露这些财务影响成为会计理论研究中的一个热点和难点问题。国外在碳信息披露方面进行了比较深入的探讨,创建了碳信息披露项目（Carbon Disclosure Project,CDP）。CDP披露了低碳战略、碳排放核算等信息,为利益相关者了解企业碳排放信息提供了决策参考。本文通过阐述CDP的主要内容,分析了其存在的主要问题,然后借鉴国际CDP的经验,就如何构建我国的碳信息披露框架进行了探讨。     

Assessing multi-dimensional performance: environmental and economic outcomes

This study examines economic performance, environmental performance, and regulatory activity for plants in three industries: pulp and paper, oil, and steel. Stochastic frontier production function models show significant deviations from production efficiency. Older plants are less efficient in production, but perform no worse on emissions. Plants spending more on pollution abatement tend to do worse on both production efficiency and emissions. Stricter local regulatory pressure is associated with somewhat lower emissions, but has mixed effects on production efficiency. Positive correlations between SUR residuals for emissions and production efficiency suggest unmeasured plant-level characteristics that drive both economic and environmental performance.

Sustainable supply chain management and partner engagement to manage climate change information

Climate change poses significant new risks and challenges for businesses and their supply chains. Additionally, in many sectors, Scope 3 indirect greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the sourcing and distribution of goods and services are larger than firms' own carbon footprints. Here we study how firms engage their key stakeholders in their supply chains in obtaining, processing, and transferring relevant climate change‐related information designed to overcome information asymmetry and drive sustainable development. Grounded in organisational information‐processing theory (OIPT), we draw on data from the Carbon Disclosure Project's Climate Change Supply Chain initiative for a qualitative content analysis of a large sample of global firms. Consistent with OIPT, we find that although firms primarily engage their supply chain partners in a variety of ways to reduce information uncertainty around indirect emissions data, effectively interpreting and managing broader sustainability information equivocality becomes a growing priority. Our findings further suggest that firms engage suppliers, customers, and other supply chain partners through basic, transactional, and collaborative types of engagement. We contribute to literatures on interorganisational information processing and sustainable supply chain management by providing a more detailed understanding of how firms engage supply chain partners in the context of climate change.     

中国城镇住宅碳排放强度分析和用能政策反思

基于最新可利用的统计数据,对中国城镇住宅使用过程中分品种能源消耗引起的碳排放等指标进行估算,并对城镇住宅碳排放量、碳排放强度的变化指数模型进行分解。结果表明：研究期内城镇住宅能耗结构趋于“清洁化”,住宅直接CO2排放比例趋于下降;住宅能源强度、人均住房面积、家庭总户数、能源碳密度等是影响住宅碳排放和排放强度变化的主要社会经济和能源驱动因子。文章最后提出住宅用能的几点政策启示。     

人口规模、经济增长与碳排放:经验证据及国际比较

根据国际能源署（IEA）公布的1971—2008年碳排放数据,探讨中国与典型发达国家、发展中国家（G8＋5）人口规模、经济增长与碳排放变化的差异性。结果表明：随着GDP增长,中国碳排放快速增长,人均碳排放已超过世界平均水平;单位GDP碳排放持续降低,但依然高于世界平均水平。利用秩相关系数检验人均GDP与单位GDP碳排放,发现7个发达国家均呈显著下降趋势,发展中国家南非、中国呈显著下降趋势,巴西、印度、墨西哥呈上升趋势但并不显著;人均GDP与人均碳排放秩相关系数表明,7个发达国家中,美国、法国、德国、英国呈显著下降趋势,加拿大呈不显著上升趋势,日本、意大利呈显著上升趋势;5个发展中国家处于工业化快速发展阶段,能源消费急剧增加,随着人均GDP增长,人均碳排放均呈显著上升趋势。基于此,归纳出世界主要发达国家和发展中国家人口增长、经济增长与碳排放变动的三种模式。     

我国省域碳排放差异性及其转型发展模式研究

通过对区域碳排放模型的讨论,提出了适合我国省域尺度的碳排放计量模型,并根据碳排放不同将我国划分为发达型低碳发展、均衡型低碳发展、资源型高碳发展和发展型高碳发展等四类模式。研究认为,省域经济发展要向低碳发展转型,促进碳排放目标实现。其中,发达型低碳发展区域要进一步优化能源结构,提升技术密集型产业比重,均衡型低碳发展省份则应充分重视经济增长和居民生活水平的提高,资源型高碳发展模式需强调碳排放的削减绩效和碳强度的下降幅度,而对于目前尚处于发展型高碳发展阶段的我国大部分地区,则应全面分析低碳转型的基础条件和机遇优势,积极探索具有区域特色的低碳转型发展之路。