桑弘羊理财思想的当代意义

西汉时期桑弘羊参与并主持了诸如盐铁酒专营、均输、平准和统一铸币权等重大财经政策的制订和实施,这些改革政策起到了既增加中央政府财力又加强了中央集权统治的作用。如今借鉴桑弘羊的财政政策和理财思想,得出以下启示：政府增加国家财政收入的目的是为了减轻百姓负担,提高人民生活水平,关系国计民生的重要物质资料必须由国家掌握,财政政策、货币政策与市场机制相互协调,要正确把握农工商业三者对立统一的辩证关系,要充分培育并扩展市场,特别是要培育农村市场和拓展国际市场以服务于社会主义市场经济。     

Characteristics of growth and limitations in electronics

Since its origin about 75 years ago, electronics has grown faster than any other major engineering discipline. Analysis of the essential characteristics of electronics leads to the conclusion that the normal growth-limiting mechanisms are not operative in this area. The commitment of electronics to information handling is stipulated and it is concluded that electronic information processing is a new milestone in a field that is vital for human survival and that is as old as mankind. Though growth in electronics is open-ended, as in other engineering branches, developments within the field are subject to recognizable constraints. These constraints are identified and classified. Most of them turn out to be relative and sliding with the progress of time. The consequences of changing patterns of constraints are illustrated on past developments and their possible impact on future trends is brought forward.     

Interaction based market segmentation

Purpose of this article is to evaluate the significance of market segmentation in situations of selling complex industrial products. The notion of “interaction based segmentation” is developed in this study.     

Pearson's Statistics in the Netherlands and the Astronomer Kapteyn

In 1903 the well-known Dutch astronomer Kapteyn published a paper in which he discussed statistical methods which he thought would be relevant for biologists. His motivation was the 1895 paper of Pearson on skew frequency curves. Kapteyn had concluded that the theory was open to grave objections and was not adapted to nonmathematical readers. He was then led to an independent investigation of the subject. This publication would lead to a heated dialogue between Kapteyn and Pearson, in which they accused each other of inappropriate starting points, of plagiarism and of making serious mathematical mistakes. This article evaluates these claims. In addition, Kapteyn's struggle to make his work accessible to biologists is discussed.     

Agriculture in Europe 2000: An interim report on a cross-national research project

The futures research programme initiated by the European Cultural Foundation, Amsterdam, in 1968, under the general title of Plan Europe 2000, consists of four projects : Education, Industrialisation, Urbanisation and Agriculture.¹ Work on the last Agriculture Project commenced in September 1970. The prime aim of the project is to provide alternative “guiding images” of the roles and functions which agriculture could fulfil in Western Europe in the future.²     

Industrial marketing strategies and different national environments

This article analyzes the marketing strategies of industrial suppliers in five Western European countries. The strategies are characterized in a quality dimension and a customer adaptation dimension. In the quality dimension the strategies are found to be related to characteristics of the industrial environment of the supplier country. In the adaptation dimension they are related to the cultural affinity with the customer country as perceived by industrial purchasers in these countries.