Setting multinational industrial marketing strategies

Nations of the world are striking out, from various starting points, along a variety of new development paths, reflecting a widespread repudiation of the conventional economic model of development based on a common, predetermined roadway to progress. Marketers who are bound by tradition may perceive the alternative development approaches as threats to standardized marketing strategies. Innovative marketers will view them as important keys to expanded market opportunities throughout the world.     

Diversity of preferences in an unpredictable environment

The origin of preferences was viewed as related to the dominant eigenvalue of a Leslie matrix modelling reproductive strategies. In a variable environment, however, the coexistence of varying preferences no longer requires optimality, but is identified with the mathematical property of viability: a state of the population is viable if there exists at least one solution starting from it and remaining in the set of constraints until a given time horizon (or forever).The coexistence kernel of two competitors with varying preferences is computed for the case of scalar and 2 × 2 Leslie matrices, with either measurable or differentiable preferences. The homologue of indifference curves is the regulation map, the correspondence associating the set of viable preferences to a given state of the population.Among these viable trajectories, some are also optimal in the sense of dominance discounted in time. These viable optimal solutions are obtained as specific trajectories in an auxiliary dynamic system, and the associated maximal values constitute one boundary of the viability kernel of this auxiliary system (theorem). Hence, the perpetuation of varying preferences allows the diversity of economic preferences, as shown here using the example of the comparative history of fertility from mid-nineteenth century to nowadays in France and England.     

U.S.-Japanese competition in high-technology fields

As Japan has moved abreast of the United States in the export capability of high-technology products, the competition between the two countries has intensified not only in private sector R&D but also in terms of increased governmental assistance and protectionist measures. This increased competition can be seen in the three electronics industry cases of semiconductors, computers, and robotics, and is specifically illustrated by Japan's VLSI and fifth generation computer projects and the FBI-IBM sting operation in Silicon Valley. All portend a greater technological rivalry, with continuing critical consequences for society.     

The political economy of Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie (1826-82): a re-assessment

Recent commentators have dealt mainly with Leslie's methodological work, but Leslie had produced papers on applied political economy for 25 years before he published one devoted specifically to the historical method. The present article concentrates on Leslie's use of that method and the results it enabled him to achieve — in dealing with issues such as economic aspects of militarism, forms of land tenure in Europe, gold supplies and price levels, fiscal reform and wage determination. Reviewing these results suggests that Leslie's work was not so much in contradiction with the neoclassical approach of Jevons and Marshall as complementary to it.     

Japan's technology trade

Japan's heavy importation of technology is placed within a historical context and found to be highly efficient in terms of the country's economic development goals. The Asian nation's comprehensive approach in securing and importing the appropriate know-how together with the necessary investments in human resources and capital all aided the transfer and employment of the acquired technology. Statistics on education and study and the use of foreign expertise and schools are cited to illustrate the various efforts at keeping abreast of the West during the turmoil of the last century. Over the long term, these efforts have proved consistent and in the end, usually rewarding. Currently, the trade picture appears poised for a fundamental change as Japan becomes a net exporter of advanced technology. Such a shift will have worldwide consequences for science and commerce.     

生育政策调整是否会影响我国“碳达峰”目标的实现?——基于STIRPAT和Leslie模型的实证研究

以中国人口生育政策调整为研究背景,基于STIRPAT模型和Leslie模型综合考察中国人口生育政策调整可能对实现“我国二氧化碳排放力争2030年前达到峰值”目标所带来的影响。结果表明,除了经济发展水平、能源技术水平、能源消费结构等因素外,人口年龄结构对人均碳排放也具有显著影响。在论文设置的四种生育率情景下,人口总量峰值分别出现在2025年、2027年、2031年和2027年。若生育政策调整能够有效提高社会总和生育率,人口规模和人口年龄结构的变化会使碳排放总量峰值推后出现。因此,中国逐步放宽的人口生育政策可能会给实现碳达峰目标带来一定压力。     

基于Leslie矩阵模型的中国人口总量与年龄结构预测

选用Leslie矩阵人口模型能够较全面地考虑到影响人口总量与年龄结构的各种主要因素,预测得到：在现行计划生育政策不变的情况下,中国人口总量将在2024年前后达到峰值14.2亿左右,这与国家人口发展战略研究课题组预测的在2033年前后达到人口峰值15.2亿左右有较大差别;中国人口老龄化有加速发展的趋势。     

基于莱斯利模型的羊群收获问题研究

莱斯利模型是研究种群繁殖的经典方法。本文利用该模型考察了一个羊群的生长情况，以一年为生长和收获周期，研究持续收获模型、均匀收获模型和只收获特定年龄组问题。并利用实际数据对谊模型进行了进一步的讨论，对于种群收获问题给出了一个良好的例证．