Behind closed doors: Sex bias at professional and managerial levels

U.S. companies have made important strides in combating sex discrimination in the workplace over the last two decades, but more subtle forms of sex bias still exist, often in decisions and behaviors that occur behind closed doors. This paper focuses on sex bias at professional and managerial levels. It explores sources of sex bias in the informal culture, selection and recruitment, task assignment, performance appraisal, promotion, and salary allocation, and then suggests action steps to help reduce sex bias in each of these areas.     

建立ISO9000质量体系几个值得重视的问题

质量对企业的发展是至关重要的,而贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００族标准是保证质量的有效方法。在建立和贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００中企业应重视以下几个方面的问题：１．领导的重视;２．培训;３．资源;４．贵在坚持和不断质量改进。     

股权分置改革对上市公司投资的影响——基于负债来源结构的实证分析

以我国上市公司为研究对象,考察实施一年多的股权分置改革是否对负债融资与企业投资行为的关系产生影响,从而揭示股权分置改革的成效。实证结果表明,改革加强了负债融资与企业投资的显著负相关关系;对于拥有低成长机会的企业来说,商业信用表现出对投资的约束作用;对于拥有高成长机会的企业来说,商业信用表现出对投资的抑制作用。而银行借款表现了预算软约束现象。     

中国民营上市公司债务融资破产威胁功效的实证研究

以2002～2007年陷入财务危机的民营上市公司（ST公司）为研究样本．通过相关分析实证检验了中国债务融资的破产威胁功效.研究发现,中国民营上市公司债务融资总体上对财务状况恶劣的公司起到了债务治理作用,发挥了破产威胁功效。短期债务能够对陷入财务危机的民营上市公司起到改善业绩的作用,较好地发挥破产威胁功效,而长期债务未能发挥破产威胁作用。银行贷款能够促进陷入财务困境的民营上市公司改善业绩,发挥破产威胁功效,而商业信用却没能发挥破产威胁功效。     

对我国金融机构资产负债表、杠杆率与金融稳定的思考

金融机构的资金来源方式、资金运用方式会影响金融机构本身和金融体系的杠杆率与稳定性。若金融机构或金融体系主要通过金融市场融资,资金运用主要集中于金融资产,并且通过金融资产进行再融资的规模不受限制,那么面对宏观经济或金融市场的冲击,这种类型的金融机构或金融体系的杠杆率会快速下降,在其资产和负债的期限错配较严重时,资金链条就会断裂,引发系统性金融风险。通过分析不同的资金来源和运用方式对金融机构杠杆率产生的影响,并结合历史上数次金融危机的教训,针对杠杆率快速下降时如何维护金融稳定提出了政策建议。     

Risk perception and risk management in Norwegian aquaculture

This exploratory study seeks to provide empirical knowledge about fish farmers' risk attitudes, risk sources and risk management tools by presenting the results from a survey among Norwegian fish farming companies. The results show that fish farmers think of themselves as only moderately risk averse compared, for instance, to crop and livestock farmers. The most important sources of risk are considered to be future salmon prices, institutional risks and fish diseases, while keeping costs low is the most important risk management tool.     

Overseas equity analysis by UK analysts and fund managers

This paper examines how UK-based analysts and fund managers cope with international differences in financial reporting systems when analysing overseas equities. This subject has become increasingly important given the internationalisation and institutionalisation of equity markets. Our results indicate that there is a substantial reliance on sources other than the annual report by both groups when analysing overseas companies. We also find considerable variation in the approach to analysing equities internationally. In particular, we find evidence that there is greater reliance on alternative sources to accounting information (such as other foreign analysts) in countries characterised as having weak equity markets. Finally, we examine the coping mechanisms that analysts and fund managers employ when analysing overseas securities, including reliance on locally based analysts, use of non-accounting information, use of more familiar accounting standards and re-stating accounts to a more familiar basis.     

Collaboration for R&D Projects between the Industry and External Agents: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies in Peru

In this article we use the innovation survey of the manufacturing industry of Peru to identify cooperation behaviors for research and development (R&D) projects among companies and external agents in general. Likewise, we also find cooperation behaviors among the industry and the following external agents: university, technical centers, suppliers, customers, and companies of the same group, competitors, guilds, and consultants. Within the specific agents, the university is considered a cooperation agent for R&D projects. We use the survey of innovation in the manufacturing industry of Peru conducted in 2015, which resulted in 1447 Peruvian companies being surveyed. Evidence was obtained as to the degree of the tie between the industry and external agents for cooperation in R&D projects, giving relevance to variables such as investment, resources, and degree of innovation. Our results show that investment is an important factor for cooperation with external agents. Additionally, companies that have innovated at some point seek to cooperate with external agents. Finally, the importance of the university is demonstrable, thus, companies that invest in R&D seek to cooperate with the university.     

飞行器部件低散射载体的分析与设计

降低弱散射源的雷达散射截面,增强飞行器部件的隐身性能至关重要。但部件脱离飞行器后,需依托载体才能得到准确的隐身性能。通过探究低散射载体设计机理和思路,考虑爬行波、行波、入射频率等影响因素,设计了一款低散射载体。通过理论建模、特征基函数法仿真计算和试验测试方法验证,所设计的低散射载体的雷达散射截面足够低,可有效消除弱散射源以外的其他杂波散射影响,还原部件真实状态,有利于提升弱散射源隐身性能评估的准确性,从而优化飞行器隐身设计。     

Revisiting FSAs and CSAs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghanaian Firms

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is widely perceived as a region of countries with low technological capabilities, weak complementary assets competing on basic country specific advantages (CSAs) and relying on transferred technology. In this paper we argue against this perception. Integrating the extended concepts of Location Bound (LB) and Non-Location Bound (NLB) Firm Specific Advantages (FSAs) within a “revisited” CSAs/FSAs matrix, we provide evidence that home-market grown LB-FSAs and their transformation to NLB-FSAs are induced by domestic Ghanaian firms’ strategic and export orientation.