替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷治疗急性冠脉综合征的药物经济学分析

目的利用模型估计方法评价中国ACS患者使用替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷相比的成本-效果。方法本研究总体研究设计、样本病例入组标准、样本病例数、临床医学中心数、参与国家数、给药方案、主要疗效和安全性指标均基于全球PLATO试验。利用PLATO试验数据和全球卫生经济学评价模型,收集本土的成本数据和外部资源数据,从短期决策树模型和长期Markov模型评价中国ACS患者使用替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷相比的成本-效果。结果基于替格瑞洛治疗ACS的长期Markov模型,与氯吡格雷治疗ACS相比,每延长1个QALY需增加的医疗费用为14094元;以2010年上海市人均GDP为标准,替格瑞洛的ICER远低于1倍人均GDP。结论从卫生服务提供者的角度考虑,在上海等经济状况较好的地区使用替格瑞洛治疗ACS具有较好的成本-效果。     

Medical costs in patients with heart failure after acute heart failure events: one-year follow-up study

Aims: This study investigated annual medical costs using real-world data focusing on acute heart failure.

Methods: The data were retrospectively collected from six tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Overall, 330 patients who were hospitalized for acute heart failure between January 2011 and July 2012 were selected. Data were collected on their follow-up medical visits for 1 year, including medical costs incurred toward treatment. Those who died within the observational period or who had no records of follow-up visits were excluded. Annual per patient medical costs were estimated according to the type of medical services, and factors contributing to the costs using Gamma Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with log link were analyzed.

Results: On average, total annual medical costs for each patient were USD 6,199 (±9,675), with hospitalization accounting for 95% of the total expenses. Hospitalization cost USD 5,904 (±9,666) per patient. Those who are re-admitted have 88.5% higher medical expenditure than those who have not been re-admitted in 1 year, and patients using intensive care units have 19.6% higher expenditure than those who do not. When the number of hospital days increased by 1?day, medical expenses increased by 6.7%.

Limitations: Outpatient drug costs were not included. There is a possibility that medical expenses for AHF may have been under-estimated.

Conclusion: It was found that hospitalization resulted in substantial costs for treatment of heart failure in South Korea, especially in patients with an acute heart failure event. Prevention strategies and appropriate management programs that would reduce both frequency of hospitalization and length of stay for patients with the underlying risk of heart failure are needed.     

改革开放以来我国卫生医疗服务系统的进步与不足——基于2019新型冠状病毒与非典病毒的疫情与防控的比较分析

改革开放40年,随着我国经济的腾飞,医疗卫生体制改革也不断深化。通过比较分析我国40年的医疗卫生体制改革历程、期间的卫生医疗服务系统建设情况以及2019新型冠状病毒与2003年非典病毒的疫情及其防控情况,发现2003年的非典事件是医疗卫生体制改革的转折点,此后我国全方位的加大了医疗改革的力度并取得了斐然的成果。然而在此次新型冠状病毒防控过程依然暴露出一些问题,而这些问题正是我国正在建设的智慧医疗服务与管理所要解决的也是所能解决的重点。与时俱进的医疗卫生体制改革将为实现中华民族的伟大复兴奠定坚实的基础。     

Quasi-experimental evidence on the effectiveness of heart attack treatment in Germany

ABSTRACT

Medical technological progress has been shown to be the main driver of health care costs. A key policy question is whether new treatment options are worth the additional costs. In this analysis we assess the causal effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), a major new heart attack treatment, on mortality. We use a full sample of administrative hospital data from Germany for the years 2005 to 2007. To account for non-random treatment assignment of PTCA, instrumental variable approaches are implemented that aim to randomize patients into getting PTCA independent of heart attack severity. Instruments include differential distances to PTCA hospitals and regional PTCA rates. Our results suggest a 4.5 absolute percentage point mortality reduction for patients who have access to PTCA compared to patients receiving only conservative treatment. We relate mortality reduction to the additional costs for this treatment and conclude that PTCA treatment is cost-effective in lowering mortality for AMI patients at reasonable cost-effectiveness thresholds.     

急性左侧心力衰竭患者的临床救治分析

目的：探讨急性左侧心力衰竭患者的临床救治。方法选取50例急性左侧心力衰竭患者作为研究对象，实施保持坐位或半坐卧位、及时吸氧、控制体液的出入量、应用药物治疗、控制诱因，综合评价临床状况决定和调整药物的使用情况、针对病因治疗。结果50例左侧心力衰竭患者经抢救后，显效34例（68.0%）、有效13例（26.0%）、无效3例（6.0%），开始抢救至临床症状缓解时间为30 min～2 h，平均（66±15）min。结论急性左侧心力衰竭具有起病急骤、恶化迅速、病情危重、病死率高等特点，早期明确诊断并及时采取正确的临床治疗是控制病情发展的关键，能挽救患者生命，减少病死率。     

Treatment patterns,healthcare resource utilization,and costs in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in commercially insured and Medicare populations

Objective: To describe the setting, duration, and costs of induction and consolidation chemotherapy for adults with newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who are candidates for standard induction chemotherapy, in the US.

Methods: Adults newly-diagnosed with AML who received standard induction chemotherapy in an inpatient setting were identified from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan (2006–2015) and SEER-Medicare (2007–2011) databases. Patients were observed from induction therapy start to the first of hematopoietic stem cell transplant, 180 days after induction discharge, health plan enrollment/data availability end, or death. Induction and consolidation chemotherapy were identified using Diagnosis-Related Group codes (chemotherapy with acute leukemia) or procedure codes for AML chemotherapy administration. AML treatment episode setting (inpatient or outpatient), duration, and costs (2015 USD, payers’ perspective) were described for commercially insured patients and Medicare beneficiaries.

Results: In total, 459 commercially insured patients and 563 Medicare beneficiaries (mean age?=?54 and 66 years; 53% and 54% male; respectively) were identified. For induction therapy, mean costs were $145,189 for commercially insured patients and $85,734 for Medicare beneficiaries, and median inpatient duration was 31 days (both). Following induction, 64% of commercially insured patients and 53% of Medicare beneficiaries had ≥1 consolidation cycle; 75% and 65% of consolidation cycles were in an inpatient setting, respectively. For consolidation cycles, in the inpatient setting, mean costs were $28,137 for commercially insured patients and $28,843 for Medicare beneficiaries, median cycle duration was 6 days (both); in the outpatient setting, mean costs were $11,271 for commercially insured patients and $5,803 Medicare beneficiaries, median duration was 5 days (both).

Limitations: Granular information on chemotherapy type administered was unavailable.

Conclusions: This is the first exploratory study providing a complete picture of recent AML treatment patterns and management costs among commercially insured patients and Medicare beneficiaries. There is substantial heterogeneity in the management and costs of AML.     

The effect of age and sex on cost of inpatient facility encounters among patients with multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Objective:

To explore the effect of age and sex on cost of all-cause and multiple sclerosis (MS)-related inpatient facility encounters.     

Economic impact of contrast-induced acute kidney injury associated with invasive cardiology: role of iso-osmolar contrast media in Germany,Italy, Poland,and Spain

Objective:

Iso-osmolar Iodixanol is associated with a lower rate of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients at increased risk compared to low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM). The aim of this study was to assess the financial consequences of CI-AKI risk reduction in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CA) with or without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in German, Italian, Polish and Spanish hospitals.

Methods:

This budget impact analysis (BIA) compared a scenario with iodixanol to a scenario without, where only LOCM were used, in patients at increased risk of CI-AKI over a 3-year horizon. A meta-analysis based on a systematic review observed a lower rate of CI-AKI with iodixanol compared to LOCM (Risk Reduction?=?0.46) in patients with underlying impaired renal function (serum creatinine ≥1.6?mg/dl and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤50?ml/min/1.73 m²). Contrast media and CI-AKI hospitalization costs were included in the analysis and unit costs were obtained from published literature, official sources or, when available, from hospital data. In the absence of country-specific data, resource utilization for a CI-AKI hospitalization was obtained by interviews with local clinicians in each country. The percentage of patients who received iodixanol was assumed to increase over time.

Results:

Based on a percentage of patients at increased risk of CI-AKI equal to 20% in Germany, 24% in Italy, 23% in Poland and 10% in Spain, results showed that the introduction of iodixanol would bring a 3-years cumulative net percentage saving on the total hospital budget of 29%, 34%, 25%, and 33% in the four countries respectively.

Conclusion:

The results of the analysis for the four countries showed that iodixanol use in patients at increased risk of CI-AKI undergoing CA with or without PCI may bring considerable savings on the hospital’s budget, due to the associated reduction in CI-AKI incidence.     

奇正消痛贴膏治疗急性腰扭伤的药物经济学评价

目的基于社会角度,通过成本-效果分析和成本-效用分析评价奇正消痛贴膏与双氯芬酸钠乙二胺乳胶剂治疗急性腰扭伤的经济学优劣,为急性腰扭伤的治疗方案选择提供依据。方法选取2012年7月至2013年6月来自北京、上海、广州和通辽4个城市5所三级医院的急性腰扭伤患者295例,其中奇正消痛贴膏治疗组152例,双氯芬酸钠乙二胺乳胶剂治疗组143例。选取疼痛消失时间为效果指标,质量调整生命年(QALYs)为效用指标,进行成本-效果分析及成本-效用分析。结果与双氯芬酸钠乙二胺乳胶剂治疗组相比,奇正消痛贴膏治疗组疼痛消失时间显著缩短(8.26 d对9.23 d,P<0.001),且获得更多的QALYs(0.0362对0.0359,P=0.597),但治疗成本也更高(308.52元对297.43元,P=0.697)。增量成本效果比(ICER)为-11.43元/d,即减少1天疼痛时间需多花费11.43元。增量成本效用比(ICUR)为36 966.67元/QALY,低于世界卫生组织(WHO)所建议的成本效用阈值115 000元(人均GDP的3倍)。结论在急性腰扭伤的治疗中,外用止痛药物奇正消痛贴膏是非常具有成本-效益的治疗方案。     

Prospective utility study of patients with multiple cardiovascular events

Objectives: The effects of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) events on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and the time dependency of these effects are unknown. This study aimed to characterize health utilities in ACS patients to aid development of future economic models estimating the cost per quality-adjusted life-year impact of ACS events and potential treatments.

Methods: Multi-center, non-interventional, longitudinal evaluation of health utility in patients experiencing ACS or stroke events. EuroQol-5 dimension 3 level (EQ-5D-3L) surveys were sent to patients (≥18 years) from three UK centers, 1 month after hospital discharge for myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina (UA), or stroke. Patient demographics, lifestyle, and baseline utility score were collected in the first survey. Follow-up surveys were sent at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months to prospectively capture utility and subsequent health events. Two methods of patient identification were adopted—prospective, where the patient’s qualifying events occurred after the study index date, and retrospective, where the patient’s qualifying event occurred prior to the study index date. General healthy population utility values were assumed for pre-event HRQoL.

Results: Between January 2011 and March 2014, 2,103 prospectively (n?=?1,350)/retrospectively (n?=?753) identified patients (mean age?=?68.3 years; 67.9% male) responded: MI?=?55.9% (n?=?1,176), UA?=?42.7% (n?=?898), stroke?=?1.4% (n?=?29); 24% had type 2 diabetes. Post-event utility values were lower than general healthy population values, although significant differences in utility between subsequent 6 (n?=?1,031, change?=?–0.002), 12 (n?=?1,096, change?=?–0.008), 18 (n?=?1,246, change?=?–0.007), and 24 (n?=?1,277, change?=?–0.004) month timepoints were not detected. Through multivariate regression analyses, wheelchair use, current smoking, and secondary mental and joint health events were associated with the greatest statistically significant utility decrements.

Conclusions: This study indicates that health utility decreases following a cardiovascular event and, although some improvement occurs over the subsequent 24 months, general healthy population utility is not necessarily attained.