基于高级法的两维评级贷款审批标准

新资本协议框架下,公司暴露的风险加权资产依赖于客户的违约概率和债项的违约损失率。随着内部评级高级法的实施,商业银行将逐步建立和完善客户评级与债项评级体系,用于估算违约概率和违约损失率。本文深入分析了新资本协议的资本要求计算公式,提出以资本要求低于8%为导向、以客户评级和债项评级为基础的贷款两维准入标准。目的是帮助商业银行有效管理资本充足率,以及解决中小企业融资难等问题。     

Cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease in the UK and Germany

Abstract

Background:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting ～5.2 million people worldwide. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine (CSAI) represents an alternative treatment option for advanced PD with motor fluctuation. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CSAI compared with Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), Deep-Brain-Stimulation (DBS) and Standard-of-care (SOC).

Methods:

A multi-country Markov-Model to simulate the long-term consequences, disease progression (Hoehn & Yahr stages 3–5, percentage of waking-time in the OFF-state), complications, and adverse events was developed. Monte-Carlo simulation accounted for uncertainty. Probabilities were derived from RCT and open-label studies. Costs were estimated from the UK and German healthcare provider’s perspective. QALYs, life-years (LYs), and costs were projected over a life-time horizon.

Results:

UK lifetime costs associated with CSAI amounts to £78,251.49 and generates 2.85 QALYs and 6.28 LYs (€104,500.08, 2.92 QALYs and 6.49 LYs for Germany). Costs associated with LCIG are £130,011.34, achieves 3.06 QALYs and 6.93 LYs (€175,004.43, 3.18 QALYs and 7.18 LYs for Germany). The incremental-cost per QALY gained (ICER) was £244,684.69 (€272,914.58). Costs for DBS are £87,730.22, associated with 2.75 QALYs and 6.38 LYs (€105,737.08, 2.85 QALYs and 6.61 LYs for Germany). CSAI dominates DBS. SOC associated UK costs are £76,793.49; 2.62 QALYs and 5.76 LYs were reached (€90,011.91, 2.73 QALYs and 6 LYs for Germany).

Conclusions:

From a health economic perspective, CSAI is a cost-effective therapy and could be seen as an alternative treatment to LCIG or DBS for patients with advanced PD.     

基于DSRC和CDPD的先进公交系统

本文首先讲述了ITS中的2种通信技术——专用短程通信（DSRC）和蜂窝数字分组数据网（CDPD）的基本概念、工作原理及系统特点等，然后提出了一种基本这2种通信技术的先进公交系统，并对各个子系统的功能结构进行了描述。     

Real-world dosing and drug costs with everolimus or axitinib as second targeted therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective chart review in the US

Objective:

To describe dosing patterns and to compare the drug costs per month spent in progression-free survival (PFS) among patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) treated with everolimus or axitinib following a first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI).

Methods:

A medical record retrospective review was conducted among medical oncologists and hematologists/oncologists in the US. Patient eligibility criteria included: (1) age ≥18 years; (2) discontinuation of first TKI (sunitinib, sorafenib, or pazopanib) for medical reasons; (3) initiation of axitinib or everolimus as a second targeted therapy during February 2012–January 2013. Real-world dosing patterns were summarized. Dose-specific drug costs (as of October 2014) were based on wholesale acquisition costs from RED BOOK Online. PFS was compared between everolimus and axitinib using a multivariable Cox proportion hazards model. Everolimus and axitinib drug costs per month of PFS were compared using multivariable gamma regression models.

Results:

A total of 325 patients received everolimus and 127 patients received axitinib as second targeted therapy. Higher proportions of patients treated with axitinib vs everolimus started on a higher than label-recommended starting dose (14% vs 2%) or experienced dose escalation (11% vs 1%) on second targeted therapy. The PFS did not differ significantly between patients receiving everolimus or axitinib (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)?=?1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]?=?0.73–1.82). After baseline characteristics adjustment, axitinib was associated with 17% ($1830) higher drug costs per month of PFS compared to everolimus ($12,467 vs $10,637; p?<?0.001).

Limitations:

Retrospective observational study design and only drug acquisition costs considered in drug costs estimates.

Conclusions:

Patients with aRCC receiving axitinib as second targeted therapy were more likely to initiate at a higher than label-recommended dose and were more likely to dose escalate than patients receiving everolimus. With similar observed durations of PFS, drug costs were significantly higher—by 17% per month of PFS—with axitinib than with everolimus.     

A global economic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of new treatments for advanced breast cancer in Canada

Objective Considering the increasing number of treatment options for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), it is important to develop high-quality methods to assess the cost-effectiveness of new anti-cancer drugs. This study aims to develop a global economic model that could be used as a benchmark for the economic evaluation of new therapies for MBC.

Methods The Global Pharmacoeconomics of Metastatic Breast Cancer (GPMBC) model is a Markov model that was constructed to estimate the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of new treatments for MBC from a Canadian healthcare system perspective over a lifetime horizon. Specific parameters included in the model are cost of drug treatment, survival outcomes, and incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs). Global parameters are patient characteristics, health states utilities, disutilities, and costs associated with treatment-related AEs, as well as costs associated with drug administration, medical follow-up, and end-of-life care. The GPMBC model was tested and validated in a specific context, by assessing the cost-effectiveness of lapatinib plus letrozole compared with other widely used first-line therapies for post-menopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) MBC.

Results When tested, the GPMBC model led to incremental cost-utility ratios of CA$131 811 per QALY, CA$56 211 per QALY, and CA$102 477 per QALY for the comparison of lapatinib plus letrozole vs letrozole alone, trastuzumab plus anastrozole, and anastrozole alone, respectively. Results of the model testing were quite similar to those obtained by Delea et al., who also assessed the cost-effectiveness of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in HR+/HER2?+?MBC in Canada, thus suggesting that the GPMBC model can replicate results of well-conducted economic evaluations.

Conclusions The GPMBC model can be very valuable as it allows a quick and valid assessment of the cost-effectiveness of any new treatments for MBC in a Canadian context.     

上海先进制造业发展现状、问题与对策

本文通过对上海制造业的数据比较,以及研发投入和专利情况的比较,发现上海在先进制造业方面存在创新体系不完善、高端人才短缺、先进制造业产业结构不合理等问题,并针对这些问题提出建议。     

人本主义思潮在《高级英语》研究型教学中的应用

在学生小组授课、分组备课实践基础上,结合问卷调查中学生们对于社会价值体系在语言中反映的意见,借鉴人本主义思潮的特点及消极影响,用课堂实例说明应该引导学生们思考西方文学中的人本主义现象,促使高级英语课程的学生授课过程从对词汇、句意的简单分析中解放出来,培养学生们有意识应用文学批评理论,形成良好的文化意识的思辨能力。     

从先进制造技术看CAD发展趋势

本文介绍了先进制造技术以及先进制造技术的特征,分析了目前CAD现状,展望未来CAD发展趋势.     

路径依赖视角下先进制造业数字化转型组态路径研究

基于演化经济地理学领域的路径依赖理论、路径突破理论和区域产业演化路径模型,构建先进制造业发展路径模型,结合TOE理论框架,从组态视角构建先进制造业数字化转型驱动因素模型,运用模糊集定性比较分析法对收集汇总的27份先进制造企业数据进行分析,应用先进制造业发展路径模型,从路径依赖视角探讨组态路径检验结果。研究表明,各维度任意单一前因条件均不能单独促成先进制造企业数字化转型;技术关联度和环境适应度在先进制造企业数字化转型过程中起重要作用;与其它类型路径相比,突破型组态路径更有可能实现先进制造企业数字化转型,依赖型组态路径并不能促进先进制造企业数字化转型的实现。     

美国先进制造业全球竞争力提升战略评析与借鉴

为了提升制造业全球竞争力,美国开始逐步调整制造业经济发展模式,将研发与生产都留在国内,自2011年开始实施先进制造业伙伴计划,引领全球制造业转向,争夺未来经济增长的制高点。中国可以借鉴美国。