三层次制度环境视角下创新驱动发展评价研究——以中西部6省市为例

借鉴改进的DSIR模型思想,从政府-企业-个人3个层次出发,将制度环境作为一个外生子系统,引入创新驱动战略评价系统,形成制度环境-驱动力-状态-影响-响应5个立体层面的子系统,同时,采用混合型中心点三角白化权函数进行灰色评估分析,对中西部地区6个省市创新驱动发展状况进行实证研究。分析结果表明,在创新驱动发展方面,四川处于同类地区“领跑”地位,河南、湖北、湖南处于“并跑”地位,而陕西和重庆处于落后地位,针对各地区发展短板提出对策建议。     

Blocking,attracting, imposing,and aligning: The utility of ASEAN forest and environmental regime policies for strong member states

International institutions, including ‘global regimes’ and ‘regional regimes’, address an increasing number of environmental issues. While in the past much attention was given to global regimes, a plethora of regional institutions and organizations (regional regimes) and their environmental policies have recently gained more momentum in political practice and attention in scholarship. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one such regime, and is actively developing its own policies relating to (e.g.) forests and the environment. These policies necessarily have to be useful for the regime’s member states; however, we further argue, that within the member states the regime’s policies especially have to be useful for specific member states’ bureaucracies, because it is they who actually develop the policies on behalf of the member states. Further, this paper aims to analyse the utility of ASEAN’s forest and environmental policy for specific member states and their responsible bureaucracies. Our analytical framework builds on regional regime theory, bureaucratic politics, and concepts of actor’s utility and interests. It differentiates the utility of the regional regime policies into several functions: (i) blocking unpleasant international initiatives, (ii) attracting international political or financial support, (iii) imposing rules on other member states, and (iv) aligning the interests of member states against external political opponents. Our results indicate that ASEAN’s environmental and forest policies serve all four functions. For instance, through ASEAN structures, Indonesia is blocking strict CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) regulation of ramin wood to maintain existing ramin protections and business, and the ASEAN Biodiversity Centre is found to be instrumental in blocking ambitious claims towards biodiversity from international actors. In addition, Malaysia and Singapore have imposed an ASEAN wildfire haze pollution agreement onto other member states in order to protect their directly affected interests in air quality and air traffic. ASEAN is also attracting to its members various international environmental funds in areas including climate change, community-based forestry, and sustainable peatland management. Last, member states under ASEAN actively align their positions in international climate negotiations as well as global forest deliberations to enhance their influence. We conclude that policies developed within regional regimes such as ASEAN are aligned with the interests of stronger member states, and their bureaucracies in particular. It remains unclear, however, how powerful these actors need to be in order to make this customization of regime policies valid for them. The results suggest that not only a potential hegemon, but also second or third powers may have this option. At the same time, member states’ activities do not seem to be conducted by states as unitary actors; instead, issue-specific actions are based on the interests of issue-relevant bureaucracies, which are in charge of representing a given member state in a given field of a regime’s policy.     

我国企业界对ISO14000《环境管理》标准反应冷淡的原因浅析

ＩＳＯ１４０００《环境管理》标准引起了国际社会的广泛响应,而对我国企业界对此反应冷淡,主要原因在于企业环境意识淡薄、市场诱导微弱以及法规强制不力等原因。     

A strategic environmental assessment method for agricultural policy in the UK

There are a number of significant environmental impacts that arise from agricultural practices that may be influenced by policy. A Strategic Environmental Assessment Method (SEAM) is described which aims to assess the environmental impacts of agricultural policy and aid the development of more sustainable policy formulation. The method addresses the issues of selecting appropriate performance criteria and measurements, and makes use of effect-damage functions and targets to determine the significance of potential impacts in relation to sustainability. A set of profiles is produced, describing the environmental performance of a specific policy. A confidence assessment system (CAS) is also described which provides details about the quality of the assessment and areas of uncertainty. SEAM provides information about impacts in simple format that can be easily used in decision making. It can identify environmental trade-offs and provides a holistic view that is essential when making decisions that affect the environment.     

Induced innovation and land degradation: Results from a bioeconomic model of a village in West Africa

This paper introduces a modeling method which simulates a village's response to population and market pressure. The method combines a recursive and dynamic linear programming model with a biophysical model of soil condition and plant growth that predicts yields and land degradation for different type of land, land use and cropping patterns. The linear programming model simulates farmers' plans aggregated at the village level under constraints of risk aversion, food consumption, land area, soil fertility, soil depth, labor and cash availability. Detailed agroecological factors determine Ihe main processes of land degradation. A large number of technological alternatives, representing different degrees of labor and/or land-saving techniques available in the study areas, are introduced, taking into account their respective constraints, costs and advantages. The method has been calibrated for a village located in the sub-humid region of Burkina Faso. Several simulations are carried out to the Year 2030. The results show that population pressure leads to intensification and investment in land conservation practices out not necessarily to better farm incomes. Increasing market opportunities can play a more positive role in boosting productivity, but for the next decades the best way to increase production per farmer is to let farmers migrate from the high-population-density areas to the low-population-density areas because, under the current economic conditions of most Sahelian countries, intensification per hectare is stil more expensive than the fallow system.     

制度环境对企业R&D投入的影响——基于我国上市公司的经验证据

如何通过外部制度的安排提高企业的技术创新能力,是制度变迁背景下我国企业面临的核心问题。以2004-2007年我国A股上市公司的R&D投入数据为研究样本,通过多元线性回归模型,实证检验了企业R&D投入与制度环境之间的关系。研究结果表明:市场化指数、法制环境指数、融资环境指数和产品市场环境指数与公司R&D投入水平显著正相关。好的外部制度环境可以促进公司加大R&D投入,进而提高技术创新能力。企业持续提高创新优势的源泉应包含较高的市场化程度、良好的法制和融资环境以及公平的产品市场环境。     

Metropolitan land-change science: A framework for research on tropical and subtropical forest recovery in city-regions

In efforts to promote transitions to sustainability in city-regions, government and nongovernment actors throughout the world are devising comprehensive sustainability strategies and implementing a variety of environmental policies. Social actors in many city-regions view forest stewardship as an important element of this integrated approach. Generally, urban sustainability goals are guided by the principles of ecological integrity, environmental quality, social equity, social inclusion, and social justice. In other words, sustainable urban development should foster a good quality of life for all by providing equitable access to adequate economic opportunity, housing, education, public services, ecosystem services, and environmental amenities. Governance structures should pursue these goals democratically with legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. Effective sustainability planning and management depend on the reliability of land-use monitoring and modeling approaches. They also require field-based, qualitative empirical research to understand the complex social dynamics that are invisible from space. The aim of this paper is to encourage international, cross-disciplinary dialogue on the conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and practical groundwork necessary to effectively carry out metropolitan land-change science, particularly for rapidly expanding small- and medium-sized cities in developing countries. I begin by presenting the paper's central conceptual and theoretical framework. Next, I explore existing analytical and methodological approaches to the study of land-use dynamics in metropolitan regions. After a brief discussion of specific opportunities and challenges for collaborative, interdisciplinary research in support of metropolitan land-change science, I conclude by proposing a four-part agenda for coordinated investigation of tropical and subtropical forest recovery in city-regions worldwide.     

Evaluating the use of an environmental assurance program to address pollution from United States cropland

Voluntary market-based programs have been proposed as cost-effective means to reduce environmental impacts associated with agriculture. This study examines a relatively new program in Michigan USA, the Michigan Agriculture Environmental Assurance Program (MAEAP), and explores how it might serve to reduce nutrient pollution associated with intensive corn production. Interviews with corn farmers were used to explore reasons for program participation, the extent of management changes, and opinions regarding program effectiveness. Results indicate that most farmers enrolled in the program had already satisfied the majority of the requirements, therefore few changes were made that would result in environmental improvements. Interviews also revealed that in almost all cases, corn farmers were unable to market their products as MAEAP verified. Participation was largely driven by goals to avoid law enforcement and minor financial benefits through insurance discounts. Farmers indicated that a lack of monitoring and enforcement reduced the perceived effectiveness of the program. Most farmers favored direct payments through government conservation programs over MAEAP. This case illustrates the limitations of voluntary and market-based programs to address agri-environmental problems and supports the use of multiple policy approaches.     

基于引入理想决策单元DEA的公租房配租方法研究

摇号是目前重庆公租房分配的唯一形式,由于不能区分谁更迫切地需要公租房的问题,不能更好地解决分配公平的问题,本文在建立申请人状况的评价指标系统基础上,采用引入理想决策单元的数据包络分析模型,考虑申请人的困难状况对申请人进行评价和排序,以比摇号更公平的方式分配公租房,这在目前公租房数量较少的情况下有更现实的公平意义.     

高新技术企业间知识治理对协同创新绩效的影响

知识治理是知识管理理论发展的新阶段,在动态复杂的创新环境下,知识治理与创新的关系已成为学术界关注的热点话题。对高新技术企业进行问卷调查,探讨知识治理对协同创新绩效的影响并采用有调节的中介效应模型,分析知识转移和制度环境在其中的作用机制。结果表明,正式知识治理与非正式知识治理均会对知识转移产生正向影响;知识转移在知识治理与协同创新绩效关系中存在完全中介效应,即知识治理对协同创新绩效的正向效应是通过知识转移实现的;制度环境正向调节知识转移对协同创新绩效的影响,即在良好的制度环境下,知识转移的中介作用更强。